Year
1860 (
MDCCLX) was a
leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the
Gregorian Calendar (or a
leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower
Julian calendar).
Events of 1860
January - June
July - September
October - December
- October - John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar to search for source of the Nile.
- October 1 - Battle of the Volturno, Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
- October 5 - Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.
- October 10 - The original cornerstone of the University of the South was laid in Sewanee, Tennessee.
- October 18 - The first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War.
- October 18-21 - Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war during the Second Opium War.
- October 19 - New Māori revolt begins in New Zealand
- October 26
- Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
- Meeting of Teano - Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to the king Victor Emmanuel II.
- November 3 - The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
- November 6 - U.S. presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell and is elected as the sixteenth President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.
- December 1 - Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of Great Expectations in his magazine All the Year Round.
- December 20 - South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union.
Undated
- Massacres of the Christians of Damascus, Syria, by part of the Muslim population, under the supervision of the Ottoman Empire.
- Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia seizes the whole of the Papal States except Rome (see Vatican City) and unites Italy.
- Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium (see Discovery of the chemical elements).
- Buenos Aires leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.
- Augustana College is founded in Chicago, Illinois, United States by Swedish immigrants. The college would move to Paxton, Illinois, in 1862, and to its eventual home in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1875.
- Sedalia, Missouri is incorporated.
- First International Chemistry Congress in Karlsruhe, Germanyhi
Ongoing events
Births
January - June
- January 3 - Kato Takaaki, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1926)
- January 8 - Emma Booth, the fourth child of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1903)
- January 25 - Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
- January 29
- William Jacob Baer, American painter (d. 1941)
- Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
- February 11 - Rachilde, French author (d. 1953)
- February 25 - Sir William Ashley, economic historian (d. 1927)
- February 29 - Herman Hollerith, American businessman and inventor (d. 1929)
- March 2 - Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961)
- March 5 - Sam Thompson, baseball player (d. 1922)
- March 13 - Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903)
- March 19 - William Jennings Bryan, American politician (d. 1925)
- March 22 - Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940)
- March 27 - Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (d. 1924)
- May 2 - Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904)
- May 9 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937)
- May 20 - Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
- May 21 - Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
- May 25 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
- May 29 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
- June 20 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937)
- June 22 - Tom O'Brien, American 19th century baseball player (d. 1921)
- June 23 - Albert Giraud, Belgian poet (d. 1929)
July - December
- July 3 - Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935)
- July 7 - Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
- July 7 - Drago, Lori Grace, was born in New Jersey, thus making the world a better place (d. 1983)
- July 16 - Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator of Ido and Novial languages (d.1943)
- July 19 - Lizzie Borden, American murder suspect (d. 1927)
- August 3 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
- August 7 - Alan Leo, British astrologer (d. 1917)
- August 10 - Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian musician (d. 1936)
- August 16 - Jules Laforgue, French poet (d. 1887)
- August 13 - Annie Oakley, American west show performer (d. 1926)
- August 15 - Henrietta Vinton Davis, American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d. 1941)
- August 20 - Raymond Poincare, French President (d. 1934)
- September 5 - Andrew Volstead, American politician (d. 1947)
- September 6 - Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
- September 13 - John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948)
- October 31 - Juliette Gordon Low , the founder of Girl Scouts
- November 1 - Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921)
- November 6 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1941)
- November 16 - John Henry Kirby, Texas legislator and American businessman (d. 1940)
- November 23
- Billy the Kid, American gunfighter (d. 1881)
- Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
- November 22 - Fusajiro Yamauchi, founder of Nintendo (d. 1940)
- December 4 - Charles de Broqueville, Belgian Prime Minister (d. 1940)
- December 7 - Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
- December 15 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904)
- December 31 - Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist, founder of Texaco (d. 1937)
- date unknown
- John Coughlin, American politician (d. 1938)
- Frederick George Jackson, British Arctic explorer (d. 1938)
- Soapy Smith, Jefferson R. Smith, infamous American confidence man and crime boss (d. 1898)
- Lancelot Speed, British illustrator (d. 1931)
- See also .
Deaths
January - June
- January 13 - William Mason, American politician (b. 1786)
- January 27
- János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1802)
- Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer (b. 1773)
- January 29 - Stephanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1789)
- March 6 - Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer, German cellist and composer (b. 1783)
- March 17 - Anna Jameson, German author
- March 25 - James Braid, Scottish surgeon (b. 1795)
- May 12 - Sir Charles Barry, English architect (b. 1795)
- May 16 - Anne Isabella Milbanke, wife of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (b. 1792)
July - December
- See also .
Upper Paleolithic - 10th millennium BC | 9th millennium BC | 8th millennium BC
- 7th millennium BC | 6th millennium BC | 5th millennium BC
..... Click the link for more information. The 18th Century lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.
Historians sometimes specifically define the 18th Century otherwise for the purposes of their work.
..... Click the link for more information.
For the periodical, see .
The
19th Century (also written XIX century) lasted from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar. It is often referred to as the "1800s.
..... Click the link for more information. twentieth century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. Some historians consider the era from about 1914 to 1991 to be the Short Twentieth Century.
..... Click the link for more information.
list of decades which have articles with more information about them.
During the twentieth century, it became popular to look at that century's decades as historical entities in themselves.
..... Click the link for more information.
Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1800s 1810s 1820s -
1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s
1830 1831 1832 1833 1834
1835 1836 1837 1838 1839
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-
Events and trends
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1810s 1820s 1830s -
1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s
1840 1841 1842 1843 1844
1845 1846 1847 1848 1849
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-
Events and trends
Technology
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1820s 1830s 1840s -
1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1850 1851 1852 1853 1854
1855 1856 1857 1858 1859
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-
Events and Trends
Technology
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1830s 1840s 1850s -
1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
1860 1861 1862 1863 1864
1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
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-
Events and trends
Technology
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1840s 1850s 1860s -
1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s
1870 1871 1872 1873 1874
1875 1876 1877 1878 1879
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-
Events and Trends
Technology
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century -
19th century - 20th century
1850s 1860s 1870s -
1880s - 1890s 1900s 1910s
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884
1885 1886 1887 1888 1889
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-
Events and Trends
Technology
..... Click the link for more information. Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1860s 1870s 1880s - 1890s - 1900s 1910s 1920s
1890 1891 1892 1893 1894
1895 1896 1897 1898 1899
- -
- The 1890s
..... Click the link for more information.
This page indexes the individual
years pages.
Twenty-first century
- 2100 - 2099 - 2098 - 2097 - 2096 - 2095 - 2094 - 2093 - 2092 - 2091
- 2090 - 2089 - 2088 - 2087 - 2086 - 2085 - 2084 - 2083 - 2082 - 2081
..... Click the link for more information. 18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1854 1855 1856 - 1857 - 1858 1859 1860
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1855 1856 1857 - 1858 - 1859 1860 1861
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1856 1857 1858 - 1859 - 1860 1861 1862
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
1858 1859 1860 - 1861 - 1862 1863 1864
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
19th century - 20th century
1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
1859 1860 1861 - 1862 - 1863 1864 1865
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1830s 1840s 1850s - 1860s - 1870s 1880s 1890s
1860 1861 1862 - 1863 - 1864 1865 1866
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
1860 in archaeology Explorations
Excavations
- Giuseppe Fiorell takes charge of excavations at Pompeii
- Ernest Renan makes excavations at Byblos
Finds
Publications
Births
Deaths
See also
..... Click the link for more information. -1860- 1861 . 1862 . 1863 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 .
..... Click the link for more information.
-1860- 1861 . 1862 . 1863 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 .
..... Click the link for more information.
-1860- 1861 1862 1863 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 . 1870
..... Click the link for more information. -1860- 1861 . 1862 . 1863 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 .
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-1860- 1861 . 1862 . 1863 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 .
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1860 1861 1862 1863
18th century · 19th century · 20th century
1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s
1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863
..... Click the link for more information. This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1860.
Events
April events
- April 23 - The Staten Island Railway starts operations in Staten Island, New York; this is now the oldest rapid transit right-of-way in New York City, but is operated
..... Click the link for more information. See also: 1859 in Australia, other events of 1860, 1861 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history.
Incumbents
Governors
Governors of the Australian colonies:
- Governor of New South Wales - Sir William Dennison
..... Click the link for more information. See also: 1859 in Canada, other events of 1860, 1861 in Canada and the list of 'years in Canada'.
Events
- June 27 - The first Queen's Plate race is held in Toronto
- August 25 - Montreal's Victoria Bridge opens
..... Click the link for more information. See also: 1859 in Ireland, 1861 in Ireland
Events
- Deasy's Land Act[1], intended to reform tenants' rights.
Births
- 17 January - Douglas Hyde, member of the Seanad in 1922 and 1938; first President of Ireland and Gaelic scholar
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