acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Information about acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
) | |
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | ? |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.2.1.10 |
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.10) are dehydrogenase enzymes which convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid.
The oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetate can be summarized as follows:
- CH3CHO + NAD+ + CoA → acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+
The CAS number for this type of the enzyme is [9028-91-5].
Genes
In humans, there are three genes which encode this enzymatic activity, ALDH1A1 [1], ALDH2 [2], and the more recently discovered ALDH1B1 (also known as ALDH5) [3]. These enzymes are members of the larger class of aldehyde dehydrogenases.Role in metabolism of alcohol
In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is then further converted into the harmless acetic acid (vinegar) by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde is more toxic than alcohol and is responsible for many hangover symptoms. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to assist in processing acetaldehyde in the body and therefore can help to relieve hangover symptoms.Some persons of far-Eastern descent have a dominant mutation in their acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene (specifically, the mitochondrial ALDH2 gene), [1] making this enzyme less effective. In these people, acetaldehyde accumulates after drinking alcohol, leading to symptoms of acetaldehyde poisoning, including the characteristic flushing of the skin and increased heart and respiration rates. Individuals with deficient acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity are far less likely to become alcoholics, but seem to be at a greater risk of liver damage, alcohol-induced asthma, and contracting cancers of the oro-pharynx and esophagus due to acetaldehyde overexposure.
The drug disulfiram (Antabuse®) also prevents the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid, with the same unpleasant effects for drinkers. It is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
See also
References
1. ^ Xiao Q, Weiner H, Crabb DW (1996). "The mutation in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene responsible for alcohol-induced flushing increases turnover of the enzyme tetramers in a dominant fashion". J. Clin. Invest. 98 (9): 2027-32. PMID 8903321.
Aldehyde/oxo oxidoreductases (EC 1.2) | |
|---|---|
| 1.2.1 - NAD or NADP acceptor | Aldehyde dehydrogenase - Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase |
| 1.2.4 - disulfide acceptor | Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase - Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex |
Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
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Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
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A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring one or more protons and a pair of electrons to an acceptor, usually NAD/NADP or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN.
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions.[1] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.
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Acetaldehyde, sometimes known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO or MeCHO. It is a flammable liquid with a fruity smell.
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Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Its structural formula is represented as CH3COOH.
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Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from cysteamine, pantothenate, and adenosine triphosphate.
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Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to Krebs Cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
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CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
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The enzyme associated with the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (ALDH2). The gene encoding for this enzyme is 1.2.1.3 and is found on chromosome 12.
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Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation (dehydrogenation) of aldehydes. Multiple forms exist in mammals in the cytosol, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
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liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, and detoxification.
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Alcohol dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.1 ) are a group of seven dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones.
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Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.
This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the
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This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the
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Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
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Toxicity is the degree to which something is able to produce illness or damage to an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human or a bacterium or a plant, or to a substructure, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity
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A hangover ( veisalgia ) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs and liquor, particularly alcoholic beverages. The most commonly reported characteristics of a hangover include headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise,
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Acetylcysteine (rINN) (IPA: [ˌæsɛtl̩ˈsɪstin, əˌsɛtl̩-, ˌæsətaɪl-]), also known as N-acetylcysteine (abbreviated NAC
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A hangover ( veisalgia ) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs and liquor, particularly alcoholic beverages. The most commonly reported characteristics of a hangover include headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise,
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Far East refers to the countries of East Asia[1] It was well popularized in the English language during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India.
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mutations are changes to the base pair sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can occur deliberately
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A gene is a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions...... Click the link for more information.
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The enzyme associated with the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (ALDH2). The gene encoding for this enzyme is 1.2.1.3 and is found on chromosome 12.
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Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions. In common and historic usage, alcoholism refers to any condition that results in the continued consumption of alcoholic beverages despite the..... Click the link for more information.
Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals.
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Alcohol flush reaction is a condition where the body cannot break down ingested alcohol completely, due to a missense polymorphism that encodes the enzyme, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) [1] , normally responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde, a product of the
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In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron donor) to another (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron acceptor).
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In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron donor) to another (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron acceptor).
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Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
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