Afro-Brazilians
Pelé • Ronaldinho • Douglas Silva • Lázaro Ramos • Lucy Ramos • Machado de Assis
Total population
"Black": c. 11.5 million 6.2% of Brazil's population "Pardo": c. 65.3 million 38.4% of Brazil's population [1] c. 76.8 million 44.7% of Brazil's population
Regions with significant populations
Brazil
Languages
Portuguese
Religions
Predominantly Christianity (majorly Roman Catholic)
Related ethnic groups
African American, Afro-Arab, Afro-Cuban, Afro-Ecuadorian, Afro-German, Afro-Irish, Afro-Latin American, Afro-Mexican, Afro-Peruvian, Afro-Trinidadian, Black British, African Caribbean, Black Canadian, Black French, Black People, Afro-European.

Afro-Brazilian or African Brazilian is the term used to racially categorise Brazilian citizens who are black or part-black, yet it is rarely used in Brazil.

Brazil has the largest population of black origin outside of Africa^[2] with 6.21% blacks and 38.45% of race or color mixed with whites and others (Pardo) ^[3], making the total of 44.7%. The largest concentration of Afro-Brazilians is in the state of Bahia where over 80% of the people are descendants of Africans.^[4]

History

Main article: History of Brazil

Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded, and more than 3 million slaves were sent to this one country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi people deteriorated.

During the colonial epoch, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. The Clapham Sect, a group of Victorian Evangelical politicians, campaigned during most of the 19th century for England to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was using 16 pounds of sugar a year by the 1800s. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades. Slavery was legally ended May 13 by the Lei Áurea ("Golden Law") of 1888.

Origins

The Africans brought to Brasil belonged to two major groups: the Sudan people and the Bantu people. The first, generally of high stature and more diverse culture, were sent in large scale to Bahia. (They mostly belong to Yoruba, Igbo, Fon, Ashanti, Ewe, Mandinka, and other West African groups native to Ghana, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Nigeria.) The Bantus, natives of Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mozambique, were sent in large scale to Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and the northeastern zona da mata. Some of them were born in Portugal, where they become Christians (Roman Catholics) and Portuguese. In 1960s (when António de Oliveira Salazar ruled as dictator), there were blacks coming from Portuguese African possessions (now PALOP), especially Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, to Brazil as refugees, and in recent decades, from other African countries and PALOP as contract workers and permanent residents.

African settlement in Brazil, from 1500 to 1855 Source: (IBGE)
	Period
Group	1500-1700	1701-1760	1761-1829	1830-1855
Africans	510,000	958,000	1,720,000	618,000

Genetic studies

A recent genetic study made for BBC Brasil in Afro-Brazilians analysed the DNA of self-reported Blacks from São Paulo.^[5]

The study, made by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, analysed the mitochondrial DNA, which we all possess and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the female line. The other is the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the male line. Both can show from what part of the world a relatively recent ancestor of a person came from.

Analysing these Afro-Brazilians' Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors, it was concluded that half (50%) of them had an ancestor who came from Europe, 48% who came from Africa and 1,6% who was a Native American. Analysing their mitochondrial DNA, which comes from female ancestors, 85% of them had an ancestor who came from Africa, 12.5% who was Native American and only 2.5% from Europe.^[6]

The explanation for a higher level of European ancestry in Black Brazilians' paternal ancestry and a higher level of African ancestry in their maternal ancestry is that, for much of Brazil's History, there were many more White males than females. For that reason, the inter-racial relationships between White males and Black or Amerindian females were common.

The genetical resource concluded that 45% of Brazilians, or 77 million have 90% or over African genes. Over 75% of Caucasians from North, Notheast and Southeast Brazil have over 10% African Genes. Even in Southern Brazil, with its strong European immigration, this number reaches 49%. In the United States, only 11% of Caucasians have over 10% African genes.^[7]

It is possible to conclude that 86% of Brazilians have at least 10% of their genes coming from African slaves.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Brazil and African diasporic religions

Most Afro-Brazilians are Christians, mainly Catholics. African religions such as Candomblé have millions of followers, mainly Afro-Brazilians. They are concentrated mainly in large urban centers in the Northeast, such as Salvador de Bahia, Recife, or Rio de Janeiro in the Southeast. The capitals of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul have fewer practitioners, mainly immigrants from the Northeast. In addition to Candomblé which is the survival of West African religion, there is also Umbanda which blends Kardecist Spiritism beliefs with African beliefs. Candomblé, Batuque, Xango and Tambor de Mina were originally brought by black slaves shipped from Africa to Brazil.

These black slaves would summon their gods, called Orixas, Voduns or Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from Africa. These religions have been persecuted, largely because they are believed to have both good and evil powers. However, the Brazilian government has legalized them. In current practice, Umbanda followers leave offerings of food, candles and flowers in public places for the spirits. The Candomblé terreiros are more hidden from general view, except in famous festivals such as Iemanjá Festival and the Waters of Oxalá in the Northeast.

From Bahia northwards there is also different practices such as Catimbo, Jurema with heavy indigenous elements. All over the country, but mainly in the Amazon rainforest, there are many Indians still practicing their original traditions

List of Afro Brazilian religions

• Umbanda
• Candomblé
• Batuque
• Macumba
• Quimbanda
• Xambá
• Culto aos Egungun
• Culto de Ifá
• Irmandade
• Confraria
• Sincretismo
• Xangô do Nordeste
• Tambor de Mina

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Brazil

The cuisine created by the Afro-Brazilians has a wide variety of foods. Within the State of Bahia the predominate cuisine is Afro-Bahian, which evolved from plantation cooks improvising on African, American-Indian, and traditional Portuguese dishes using locally available ingredients.

Typical dishes include Vatapá and Moqueca, both with seafood and palm oil.

Palm Oil (Brazilian Portuguese: Azeite de Dendê) is a heavy tropical oil extracted from the African oil palm growing in Northern Brazil. One of the basic ingredients in Bahian or Afro-Brazilian cuisine, it adds a wonderful flavor and bright orange color to foods. There is no equivalent substitute, but it is available in markets specializing in Brazilian imports.

Feijoada is the national dish of Brazil (for over 300 years). It is basically a mixture of black beans, pork and farofa (lighly roasted coarse cassava manioc flour). It started as a Portuguese dish that the African slaves built upon, made out of cheap ingredients: pork ears, feet and tail, beans and manioc flour. It has been adopted by all the other cultural regions, and there are hundreds of ways to make it.

Capoeira

Main article: Capoeira

Capoeira is an martial art developed initially by African slaves in Brazil, starting in the colonial period. It is marked by deft, tricky movements often played on the ground or completely inverted. It also has a strong acrobatic component in some versions and is always played with music.

Recently, the art has been popularized by the addition of Capoeira performed in various computer games and movies, and Capoeira music has featured in modern pop music (see Capoeira in popular culture).

See also: Capoeira music; Capoeira toques

Music

Main article: Music of Brazil

The music created by Afro-Brazilians is a mixture of Portuguese, indigenous, and African music, making a wide variety of styles.

Brazil is well known for the rhythmic liveliness of its music as in its Samba dance music. This is largely because Brazilian slave owners allowed their slaves to continue their heritage of playing drums (unlike U.S. slave owners who feared use of the drum for communications).

Afro-Brazilian Music Genres

• Samba
• Axé music
• Maracatu
• Pagode
• Capoeira music
• Brazilian funk
• Afoxê
• Carimbo
• Maxixe
• lundu
• Forró
• Lambada

Afro Brazilian Instruments

• Agogô
• Atabaque
• Berimbau
• Tambor
• Xequerê
• Afoxé

Famous Afro-Brazilians

In sports

Football (soccer)

• Pelé
• Ronaldo
• Ronaldinho
• Romário
• Adriano
• Carlos Alberto
• Dida
• Cafu
• Denílson
• Rivaldo
• Leônidas
• Jairzinho
• Júlio Baptista
• Juan
• Luís Fabiano
• Robinho
• Roberto Carlos
• Zé Roberto

Capoeira

• Mestre Amen Santo
• Mestre Barba Branca
• Mestre Bimba
• Mestre Cobra Mansa
• Mestre João Grande
• Mestre João Pequeno
• Mestre Jogo de Dentro
• Mestre Moraes
• Mestre Pastinha
• Mestre Pé de Chumbo

Other Sports

• Adhemar Ferreira da Silva Athlete, he won two olympic gold medals on the triple jump
• Daiane dos Santos Gymnast
• Anderson Silva Mixed martial arts fighter
• Leandro Barbosa Basketball Player
• Nenê Basketball Player
• Janeth Arcain Basketball Player
• Jadel Gregório Athlete
• Nelson Prudêncio Athlete
• Zuluzinho Wrestler
• Pedro Pinto Swimmer
• Heritier Deserbelles (Harry O'Brien) AFL Australian Football

Actors

• Taís Araújo
• Darlan Cunha
• Leandro Firmino
• Preta Gil
• Milton Gonçalves
• Seu Jorge
• Abdias do Nascimento
• Grande Otelo
• Camila Pitanga
• Lázaro Ramos
• Alexandre Rodrigues
• Douglas Silva

In music

• Jahred Shane (Of (həd) p.e.)
• Marcelo D2
• José Maurício Nunes Garcia
• Gilberto Gil
• Milton Nascimento
• Tim Maia
• Djavan
• Jorge Ben Jor
• DJ Marky
• DJ Patife
• Seu Jorge
• Carlinhos Brown
• Pixinguinha
• Luciana Mello
• Paula Lima
• Elza Soares
• Jair Oliveira
• Aldeoni
• Elza Soares
• MV Bill

Politics

• Celso Pitta
• Benedita da Silva
• Abdias do Nascimento

Writers

• Machado de Assis
• Lima Barreto
• João da Cruz e Sousa
• Paulo Leminski

Others

• André Rebouças engineer
• Aleijadinho sculptor
• Helvécio Martins religious
• Milton Santos geographer