Albert Claude

Information about Albert Claude

Albert Claude (August 24 1899 – May 22 1983) was a Belgian biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. He studied medicine at the University of Liege (Belgium). During the winter of 1928-29 he worked in Berlin, first at the Institute für Krebsforschung, and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Dahlem. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. While working at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s, he used the electron microscope to make images of cells which deepened the scientific understanding of cellular structure and function. He also developed a method for differential centrifugation, which separates cellular components based on their density.

In 1930, Claude discovered the process of cell fractionation, which was groundbreaking in his time. The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. Claude then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass. He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions.

In 1970, together with George Palade and Keith Porter he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. For his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of cells, Claude received the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with his student George Palade and Christian de Duve.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates
Max Theiler (1951) • Selman Waksman (1952) • Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) • John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) • Hugo Theorell (1955) • Andr Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) • Daniel Bovet (1957) • George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) • Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) • Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) • Georg von Bksy (1961) • Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) • John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) • Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) • Franois Jacob / Andr Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) • Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) • Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) • Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) • Max Delbrck / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) • Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) • Earl Sutherland Jr. (1971) • Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) • Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) • Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) • David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975)
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May 22 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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1980 1981 1982 - 1983 - 1984 1985 1986

Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII
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Motto
Eendracht maakt macht   (Dutch)
L'union fait la force"   (French)
Einigkeit macht stark
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A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment.
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George Richards Minot, ';
William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935 Hans Spemann, '' German Empire "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1940s  1950s  1960s  - 1970s -  1980s  1990s  2000s
1971 1972 1973 - 1974 - 1975 1976 1977

Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV
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The University of Liège (ULg), in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium, is a major public university in the French Community of Belgium. Its official language is French.

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Berlin

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Location of Berlin within Germany / EU

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Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
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Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft e.V. (Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science).
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Dahlem can refer to:
  • Dahlem (Berlin), a district of Berlin, part of the borough Steglitz-Zehlendorf.
  • Dahlem, North Rhine-Westphalia, a municipality in western Germany.
  • Dahlem, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in south-western Germany.

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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
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Year 1929 (MCMXXIX
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Rockefeller University is a private university focusing primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education. It is located between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue, on the Upper East Side of the Manhattan island in New York
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An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons as a way to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. It has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope, with magnifications up to about two million times, compared to about two
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Differential centrifugation is a procedure in which a homogenate is subjected to repeated centrifugations each time increasing the centrifugal force. Separation is based predominantly on particle mass and size with larger and heavier particles pelleting at lower centrifugal fields.
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Cell fractionation is the separation of homogeneous sets, usually organelles, from a heterogeneous population of cells.

Steps

  1. Disruption (homogenisation) of cells and liberation of organelles.
  2. Macro Filtration
  3. Purification of cell components.

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centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances
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George Emil Palade (b. November 19, 1912, in Iaşi, Romania) is a Romanian-born American cell biologist. In 1974, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, for his discoveries concerning the structure and function of
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Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry is an annual prize awarded by Columbia University to a researcher or group of researchers that have made an outstanding contribution in basic research in the fields of biology or biochemistry.
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Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Its main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City.
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George Emil Palade (b. November 19, 1912, in Iaşi, Romania) is a Romanian-born American cell biologist. In 1974, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, for his discoveries concerning the structure and function of
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Christian René de Duve (born October 2, 1917) is an internationally acclaimed cytologist and biochemist. De Duve was born in Thames-Ditton, Britain, as a son of Belgian emigrants. They returned to Belgium in 1920.
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';
George Richards Minot, ';
William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935 Hans Spemann, '' German Empire "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
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Max Theiler
Born January 30 1899(1899--)
Pretoria, South African Republic
Died July 11 1972 (aged 73)

Residence USA
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Selman Abraham Waksman

Born 22 July 1888(1888--)
Pryluky, near Kiev, Ukraine
Died July 16 1973 (aged 85)
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Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (August 25, 1900–November 22, 1981) was a German, later British medical doctor and biochemist. Krebs is best known for his identification of two important metabolic cycles: the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle.
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Fritz Albert Lipmann (June 12 1899 – July 24 1986) was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953.
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John Franklin Enders (February 10 1897 – September 8 1985) was an American medical scientist and Nobel laureate.

Enders was born in West Hartford, Connecticut and was educated at the Noah Webster School at Hartford and St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.
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