Türkçe ansiklopedi, sözlük, genel başvuru ve bilgi sitesi   
  		  Yardım
  Rastgele    

Arunachal Pradesh

''
  Arunachal Pradesh
India
Coordinates:
Area| | 83,743 km (0 sq mi)
Capital| | Itanagar
Largest city| | Itanagar
District(s)| | 17
Language(s)| | English, Hindi
Governor| style="border-top: 2px dotted #DCDCDC;" | K. Sankaranarayanan
Chief Minister| | Dorjee Khandu
| | 1987-02-20
Legislature (seats)| | Unicameral (60)
ISO abbreviation| |
Website: arunachalpradesh.nic.in
Seal of Arunachal Pradesh
Coordinates:

Arunachal Pradesh pronunciation (helpinfo) (Hindi: अरुणाचल प्रदेश          Aruṇācal Pradeś) is the eastern-most state on India's north-east frontier. Itanagar is the capital of the state. The state is part of India, although China still holds a territorial claim over portions of the state.[1] Arunachal Pradesh is next to the state of Assam to the south and Nagaland is to the south east. Myanmar lies towards the eastern side of the state, Bhutan towards the west, while the Line of Actual Control separates it from China to the north.

Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the rising sun"[2] ("pradesh" means "state" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Arunachal Pradesh is claimed by the PRC as an integral part of its territory. The territory ,together with Ngari, Shannan and Nyingchi Prefectures by the Chinese authorities is claimed as South Tibet (Zangnan 藏南)[3]

Most of the people living in Arunachal Pradesh are either of Tibetan or Thai-Burmese origin. Another 16% of the population are immigrants, including 30,000 Bangladeshi and Chakma expatriates, and immigrants from other parts of India, notably Assam and Nagaland.

History

The first ancestors of the tribal groups migrated from Tibet during the prehistoric period, and were joined by Thai-Burmese counterparts later. Except for the northwestern parts of the state, little is known about the history of Arunachal Pradesh, although the Adi tribe had legendary knowledge of the history. Recorded history was only available in the Ahom chronicles during the 16th century. The tribal Monpa and Sherdukpen do keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 B.C. and 600 A.D. This region then came under the loose control of Tibet and Bhutan, especially in the Northern areas. The remaining parts of the state, especially those bordering Myanmar, came under the control of the Ahom and the Assamese until the annexation of India by the British in 1858.

Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples such as the 14th Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in West Siang shed new light on the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh. Paintings of the Hindu gods and altars remained untouched for many years. They attracted many local pilgrims. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar, suggested that the Idu Mishmi had a local civilisation. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang monastery in the Tawang district, also provides historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal peoples. Historically, the area had a close relationship with Tibetan people and Tibetan culture, for example the sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso was born in Tawang.[4]

In 1913-14 British administrator, Sir Henry McMahon, drew up the 550 mile (890 km) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Tibet during the Simla Conference, as Britain sought to advance its line of control and establish buffer zones around its colony in South Asia. The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line, which ceded Tawang and other Tibetan areas to British India; however the Chinese representative refused to accept the line owing to domestic pressures. The Chinese position since then has been that since China was sovereign over Tibet, the line was invalid without Chinese agreement. Furthermore, by refusing to sign the Simla documents, the Chinese Government had escaped according any recognition to the validity of the McMahon Line.[5]

For the first two decades after the Simla Conference, the Survey of India did not show the McMahon Line as the border between British India and Tibet either; only in 1937 did they publish a map showing it as the official boundary; in 1938 the Survey of India published a map showing Tawang as a part of Tibet. In 1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east. Tibet, however, altered its position on the McMahon Line in late 1947 when the Tibetan government wrote a note presented to the newly independent Indian Ministry of External Affairs laying claims to Tibetan districts south of the McMahon Line.[6] The situation developed further as India became independent and the People's Republic of China was established in the late 1940s: with the PRC poised to take over Tibet, India unilaterally declared the McMahon Line to be the boundary in November 1950, and forced the Tibetan administration out of the Tawang area in 1951, despite protests by the PRC and Tibet.[7][8] The PRC has not recognized the McMahon Line since. (In 1959, a suppressed Tibetan uprising resulted in PRC's abolition of Tibet's self-ruling government headed by the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, where he continues to lead the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Maps published by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile now show the McMahon Line as the southern border of Tibet.)

The NEFA (North East Frontier Agency) was created in 1954. The issue was quiet during the next decade or so of cordial Sino-Indian relations, but erupted again during the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources. During the war in 1962, the PRC captured most of the NEFA. However, China soon declared victory and voluntarily withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963. The war has resulted in the termination of barter trade with Tibet, although in 2007 the state government has shown signs to resume barter trade with Tibet.[9]

Of late, Arunachal Pradesh faces threat from resistance groups, notably the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (NSCN), who were believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap.[10] There were occasional reports of these groups harassing the local people.[11]

Geography

Enlarge picture
Arunachal Pradesh is famous for its mountainous landscape.
Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayas. However. parts of Lohit, Changlang and Tirap,which are covered by the Patkai. Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas.

Recently at 2006, Bumla pass in Bomdila, was opened after 44 years for the first time for the traders. The traders from both the sides were permitted to enter each other territories. The Himalayan ranges that extends up to the eastern Arunachal separates it from China. The ranges extend towards the Nagaland, and form a boundary between India and Burma in Changlang and Tirap district, it acts as a natural barrier it is called Patkai Bum Hills. It is low level ranges as compared to Greater Himalayas.[12]

Climate

The climate of Arunachal Pradesh differs with the elevation. Areas that are at a very high elevation in the Upper Himalayas close to the Tibetan border enjoy an alpine or Tundra climate. While below the Upper Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, where people experience a climate which is temperate. Fruits like apples, oranges, etc are grown here in this region. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation generally experience a humid sub-tropical climate, along with the hot summers and mild winters.

Arunchal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 80 to 160 inches (2,000 to 4,000 mm) annually, most of it pours down between May and September. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple, fir, and juniper; sal (Shorea) and teak are the main economic species.

Education

The current education system of India is currently at child stage. State government are pushing by taking help of various NGO like Vivekananda Kendra. Besides several reputed Schools, Colleges and Institutions the state is famous for its reputed university:

Sub-divisions

Arunachal Pradesh is divided into Sixteen districts, each administered by a district collector, who sees to the needs of the local people. Especially along the Tibetan border, the Indian army has considerable presence due to the concern about Chinese intentions. Special permits called Inner Line Permits (ILP) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of it checkgates on its border with Assam.

Districts of Arunachal Pradesh:

Demographics

Enlarge picture
Buddhism is practiced by 13% of the population. Shown here is a statue of Buddha in Twang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Main article: Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh


63% of the Arunachalis belong to 19 major tribes and 85 tribes, who had a tradition which is diverse and of rich culture, language and beliefs. Most of them are either of Tibeto-Burman or Tai-Burmese origin. Another 35% of the population are made up of the immigrants, including 31,000 Bangladeshi, Bodo, Hajong and Chakma expartriates, and immigrants from neighbouring Assam, Nagaland and other notable parts of India. The most major tribes include the Adi, Nishi, Monpa and Apatani.

The literacy of the State rose to 54.74% from 41.59% in 1991. As of today, the number of literates is 487,796. Recent statistics shows that 20% of Arunachal's population are Animist [13], who follow Animistic religions such as Donyi-Polo and Rangfrah. 25% are Hindus. Tribes who follow Hinduism include the Nocte and Miri [14].[15] Another 40% are practicing Buddhists [16]. Tibetan Buddhism predominates in the districts of Tawang, West Kameng and isolated regions adjacent to Tibet, and Theravada Buddhism is practiced by tribal groups living near the Burmese border.

Economy

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
YearGross State Domestic Product
19801,070
19852,690
19905,080
199511,840
200017,830


Arunachal Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $706 million in current prices. Agriculture is the primary driver of the economy. Jhum, the local word for shifting cultivation, which was widely practised among the tribal groups has come to be less practiced. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometers of forests, and the forest-products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are sawmills, plywood (these two trades however have been stopped by law), rice mills, fruit preservation units and handloom handicrafts.

Transport

The state's airports are located at Itanagar, Daparjio, Ziro, Along, Tezu and Pasighat. However, owing to the rough terrain, these airports are mostly small and cannot handle many flights, they were actually used for transportation of food, when these parts were not connected by the roads. Arunachal Pradesh has two highways; the 336km (205 miles) National Highway 52, completed in 1998, connects Jonai with Dirak.[17] There is another highway which connects Tezpur in Assam with Tawang.[18] Now in 2007, every village is connected by road. It's due to the funding that central government has provided. Every small town has got its own bus station and daily bus services are available. All places are connected to Assam, which has increased the trading capacity. A National Highway is being constructed on the famous Stillwell Road, which connects Ledo in Assam to Jairampur in Arunachal.

Tourism

Arunachal Pradesh attracts tourists from many parts of the world. Tourist attractions include the Namdapha tiger project in Changlang district, Sela lake near to Bomdila, the bamboo bridges hanging over the river. Historical attractions include Malinithan in Lekhabali and Rukhmininagar near Roing, place where Rukhmini, lord Krishna's wife, used to live. Parshuram kund in lohit district, is believed to the lake where Pashuram washed away all his sins. Rafting and trekking are also available. A visitor's permit from the tourism department is required.[1]

See also

Notes

1. ^ China revives claims on Indian territory. Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
2. ^ [2]
3. ^ India and China on parade. Asia Times (August 1 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
4. ^ 仓央嘉措生平疏议 (Biography of Cangyang Gyaco; in Chinese)
5. ^ Lamb, Alastair, The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, London, 1966, p529
6. ^ Lamb, 1966, p580
7. ^ [3]
8. ^ [4]
9. ^ PM to visit Arunachal in mid-Feb
10. ^ Apang rules out Chakma compromise
11. ^ [5]
12. ^ [6]
13. ^ [7] 2001 Indian Census Data
14. ^ [8] 2001 Indian Census Data
15. ^ [9]
16. ^ [10] 2001 Indian Census Data
17. ^ [11]
18. ^ [12]

External links

 •  • [ e]
State of Arunachal Pradesh
Topics • History • Politics
CapitalItanagar
DistrictsChanglang • East Kameng • East Siang • Kurung Kumey • Lohit • Lower Dibang Valley • Lower Subansiri • Papumpare • Tawang • Tirap • Upper Dibang Valley • Upper Subansiri • Upper Siang • West Kameng • West Siang
Major citiesAlong • Daporijo • Naharlagun • Pasighat • Seppa • Tezu
 •  • [ e]
States and territories of India
StatesAndhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal
Union territoriesAndaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry
This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
..... Click the link for more information.
geographic coordinate system enables every location on the earth to be specified by the three coordinates of a spherical coordinate system aligned with the spin axis of the Earth.
..... Click the link for more information.
The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. India comprises most of the Indian subcontinent situated on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate.
..... Click the link for more information.
States:
  1. Andhra Pradesh
  2. Arunachal Pradesh
  3. Assam
  4. Bihar
  5. Chhattisgarh
  6. Goa
  7. Gujarat
  8. Haryana
  9. Himachal Pradesh
  10. Jammu and Kashmir
  11. Jharkhand
  12. Karnataka
  13. Kerala
  14. Madhya Pradesh
  1. Maharashtra
  2. Manipur

..... Click the link for more information.
Coordinates: Itanagar pronunciation   (help info ) (Hindi: ईटानगर) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
..... Click the link for more information.
Coordinates: Itanagar pronunciation   (help info ) (Hindi: ईटानगर) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
..... Click the link for more information.
district is an administrative division of a state in India. India is divided into twenty-eight states, six Union territories (UT) and one national capital territory. Each state or UT is subdivided into districts for administration purposes.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article.
..... Click the link for more information.
English}}} 
Writing system: Latin (English variant) 
Official status
Official language of: 53 countries
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: en
ISO 639-2: eng
ISO 639-3: eng  
..... Click the link for more information.
Hindi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script 
Official status
Official language of:  India
 Fiji (as Hindustani)
Regulated by: Central Hindi Directorate (only in India)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-1: hi
ISO 639-2:
..... Click the link for more information.
The Governor of Arunachal Pradesh is a nominal head and representative of the President of India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of 5 years. H.E.
..... Click the link for more information.
Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (born 1932) is the current governor of the Indian state of Nagaland. He was sworn in on February 3, 2007,[1] having been appointed on January 19. He had previously served as a minister in the state government of Kerala.
..... Click the link for more information.
# Name Took Office Left Office Party
1 # # # #
99 Gegong Apang # 2007 #

Present: Dorjee Khandu

See also

External links


..... Click the link for more information.
Dorjee Khandu (born March 3, 1955) at Gyangkhar village, is the current Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He was sworn on April 9, 2007 as the fifth chief minister of the Indian state, replacing Gegong Apang.
..... Click the link for more information.
India

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
India

Union Government
Constitution Executive
..... Click the link for more information.
Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Many countries with unicameral legislatures are often small and homogeneous unitary states and consider an upper house or second chamber unnecessary.
..... Click the link for more information.
ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is a geocode system created for coding the names of country subdivisions and dependent areas.
..... Click the link for more information.
geographic coordinate system enables every location on the earth to be specified by the three coordinates of a spherical coordinate system aligned with the spin axis of the Earth.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hindi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script 
Official status
Official language of:  India
 Fiji (as Hindustani)
Regulated by: Central Hindi Directorate (only in India)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-1: hi
ISO 639-2:
..... Click the link for more information.
Coordinates: Itanagar pronunciation   (help info ) (Hindi: ईटानगर) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
..... Click the link for more information.
This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
..... Click the link for more information.
This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
China (Traditional Chinese:
..... Click the link for more information.
Coordinates: Assam pronunciation   (help info ) (Assamese:
..... Click the link for more information.
Coordinates: Nagaland (Hindi: नागालैंड) pronunciation   (help info )
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
Kaba Ma Kyei


Capital Naypyidaw

Largest city Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
..... Click the link for more information.
Druk Gyal-Khab
Dru Gäkhap
Kingdom of Bhutan


Flag Coat of arms
Anthem
Druk tsendhen
..... Click the link for more information.
Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the effective border between India and China. Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai used the phrase in a letter addressed to Indian Prime Minister Nehru dated October 24, 1959.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
..... Click the link for more information.
Pradesh (Hindī: प्रदेश, Urdū: پردیش) refers to a province or state in Hindi and Urdu.

Some states of the Republic of India bear the word pradesh
..... Click the link for more information.
Ngari Prefecture (Tibetan: མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ་; Wylie: mnga' ris sa khul; simplified Chinese: 阿里地区; pinyin: Ālǐ Dìqū) is a
..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.