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Overview
According to the Ayurvedavatarana (the "descent of Ayurveda"), the origin of Ayurveda is stated to be a divine revelation of the ancient Indian creator God Lord Brahma[2] as he awoke to recreate the universe. This knowledge was passed directly to Daksha Prajapati in the form of shloka sung by Lord Brahma.[3], and this was in turn passed down through a successive chain of deities to Lord Indra, the protector of dharma. According to this account, the first human exponent of Ayurveda was Bharadvaja, who learned it directly from Indra. Bharadvaja in turn taught Ayurveda to a group of assembled sages, who then passed down different aspects of this knowledge to their students. According to tradition, Ayurveda was first described in text form by Agnivesha, in his book the Agnivesh tantra. The book was later redacted by Charaka, and became known as the Charaka Samhitā.[4] Another early text of Ayurveda is the Sushruta Samhitā, which was compiled by Sushrut, the primary pupil of Dhanvantri, sometime around 1000 BCE. Dhanvantri is known as the Father of Surgery, and in the Sushrut Samhita, the teachings and surgical techniques of Dhanvantri are compiled and complemented with additional findings and observations of Sushrut regarding topics ranging from obstetrics and orthopedics to ophthalmology. Sushrut Samhita together with Charaka Samhitā, served as the textual material within the ancient Universities of Takshashila and Nalanda.[5] These texts are believed to have been written around the beginning of the Common Era, and are based on a holistic approach rooted in the philosophy of the Vedas and Vedic culture. Holism is central to ayurvedic philosophy and elements of holism is found in several aspects of ayurveda.[6]Eight Branches (Ashthanga) of Ayurveda
The eight branches of Ayurveda are:- Internal medicine - Kayachikitsa
- Surgery - Shalya Tantra
- Ears, eyes, nose and throat - Shalakya tantra
- Pediatrics - Kaumarabhritya Tantra
- Toxicology - Agada Tantra
- Purification of the genetic organs - Bajikarana (or Vajikarana) Tantra
- Health and Longevity - Rasayana Tantra
- Spiritual Healing/Psychiatry - Bhuta Vidya
- See also:
History
)
A statue of the Hindu God, Brahma. Hinduism believes in the divine origin of Ayurveda
)
Dhanvantari, the God of Ayurveda
)
Nagarjuna, a follower of Buddha, was a well known herbologist, known for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailments
Documented references to the precise timing of the origins of Ayurveda are not available. The age of Ayurveda has been established on the basis of correlating the evidence with other disciplines as well as circumstantial evidence. Ayurveda is said to have been first compiled as a text by Agnivesha, in his book Agnivesh tantra, which was written during Vedic times. The book was later revised by Charaka, and renamed to Charaka Samhitā (encyclopedia of the physician Charaka).[7] Other early texts of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhitā and the Sushruta Samhitā''[5] The system was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a script came into existence.
The earliest scripts would have been written on perishable materials such as Taalpatra and Bhojapatra, which could not be readily preserved. The script was later written on stone and copper sheets. Verses dealing with Ayurveda are included in the Atharvaveda, which implies that some form of Ayurveda is as old as the Vedas. Ayurvedic practices have also evolved over time, and some practices may be considered innovations upon earlier Vedic practices, such as the advances made during the Buddhist period in India.
Hinduism attributes the genesis of Ayurveda to several theories in which the knowledge is believed to have been passed on from being to being, initially, through its realization by the divine sages, and gradually into the human sphere by a complex system of mnemonics. Details of Ayurvedic traditions vary between writers, as is expected when oral traditions are transcribed from multiple sources. The earliest authors of Ayurvedic manuscripts recorded divergent forms of the tradition.
Development
Ayurvedic practice was flourishing during the time of Buddha (around 520 BC) , and in this period the Ayurvedic practitioners were commonly using Mercuric-sulphur combination based medicines.[8] In this period mercury, sulphur and other metals were used in conjunction with herbs to prepare the different medications. An important Ayurvedic practitioner of this period was Nagarjuna, a Buddhist herbologist, famous for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailments. Nagarjuna was accompanied by Surananda, Nagbodhi, Yashodhana, Nityanatha, Govinda, Anantdev, Vagbhatta etc. The knowledge of Ayurveda progressed a lot during this period, including development of newer and more effective medicines, and is therefore termed as the Golden Period of Ayurveda.After emerging victorious at the Kalinga War, Emperor Ashoka (304 BC-232 BC) influenced by the Buddhist teachings, banned any bloodshed in his kingdom in 250 BC. Therefore many Ayurveda practitioners, who were practicing surgery along with medicine, left the surgical intervention and adopted totally new medicinal treatments. In this period, Ayurveda again evolved and flourished with the invention of new drugs, new methodology and new innovations. The practice of the accompanying surgery slowly died out during this period.
During the regime of Chandragupta Maurya (375-415 AD), Ayurveda was part of mainstream Indian medical techniques, and continued to be so until the colonisation by the British.
Chakrapani Dutta (DuttaSharma) was a Vaid Brahman of Bengal who wrote books on Ayurveda such as "Chakradutta" and others. Chakrapani Dutta was the Rajavaidya of Great King Laxman Sen {some says rajVaid of King Nayapala (1038 - 1055)}. It is believed by some practitioners that Chakradutta is the essence of Ayurveda.
Ayurveda has always been preserved by the people of India as a traditional "science of life", despite increasing adoption of European medical techniques during the time of British rule. For several decades the reputation and skills of the various Ayurvedic schools declined markedly as Western medicine and Western-style hospitals were built. However, beginning in the 1970s, a gradual recognition of value of Ayurveda returned, and today Ayurvedic hospitals and practitioners are flourishing throughout all of India. As well, the production and marketing of Ayurvedic herbal medicines has dramatically increased, as well as scientific documentation of benefits. Today, Ayurvedic medicines are available throughout the world.
- See also:
Gurukul system of Ayurveda
In the earlier days of its conception, the system of Ayurvedic medicine was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a written script came into existence.In this system, the Guru gave a solemn address where he directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and vegetarianism. The student was to strive with all his being to heal the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was required to dress modestly and avoid alcohol or drugs. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. At the patient's home, he was to be courteous and modest, directing all attention to the patient's welfare. He was not to divulge any knowledge about the patient and his family. If the patient was incurable, he was to keep this to himself if it was likely to harm the patient or others.
The normal length of the student's training appears to have been seven years. Before graduation, the student was to pass a test. But the physician was to continue to learn through texts, direct observation (pratyaksha), and through inference (anumāna). In addition, the vaidyas attended meetings where knowledge was exchanged. The practitioners also gained knowledge of unusual remedies from laypeople who were outside the huffsteter community such as hillsmen, herdsmen, and forest-dwellers.
- See also:
Tridosha system
The central concept of Ayurvedic medicine is the theory that health exists when there is a balance between three fundamental bodily humours or doshas called Vata, Pitta and Kapha.- Vata is the impulse principle necessary to mobilize the function of the nervous system
- Pitta is the energy principle which uses bile to direct digestion and hence metabolism into the venous system.
- Kapha is the body fluid principle which relates to mucous, lubrication and the carrier of nutrients into the arterial system.
Ayurvedic tastes
Ayurveda holds that the tastes of foods or herbs have specific physiological effects. Those tastes that transform after digestion (Vipaka) are more powerful.- Sweet - Madhura
- Sweet foods nourish, cool, moisten, oil, and increase weight
- Sour - Amla
- Sour foods warm, oil, and increase weight
- Salty - Lavan
- Salty foods warm, dissolve, stimulate, soften, oil, and increase weight
- Bitter - Katu
- Bitter foods cool, dry, purify and decrease weight
- Pungent - Tikta
- Pungent foods warm, dry, stimulate, and decrease weight
- Astringent - Kasaya
- Astringent foods cool, dry, reduce stickiness.
Medications
)
Ayurvedic practitioners believe that the tulsi (holy basil) plant has medicinal qualities
Writers and compilers of Ayurvedic literature such as Charaka, Sushruta, Vagabhatta, Bhav Mishra, Shaligram and others have written about the qualities, characteristics and medicinal uses of the herbs, mineral, metals, chemicals, animal parts, cooked food articles, natural foods, fruits etc. Among them, the Bhav Prakash Nighantu, written by Bhav Mishra, is known for its detail .The composition of the Nighantu part (Ayurvedic Materia Medica) of the Bhav Prakash is part of the classical book. The details of the medicinal herbs are given according to the nature, effects, and curative properties as observed by the Ayurvedic practitioners.
Ayurvedic literature has been written by several authors in languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and more recently, in English.The Shaligram Nighantu was written in Sanskrit. The Banaushadhi Chandrodaya was written in Hindi.The Indian Materia Medica was written in English.
- See also: List of herbs and minerals in Ayurveda
Panchakarma and Ayurvedic massage
Panchakarma (the five actions or modalities) is a collection of purification techniques that Ayurveda prescribes for some diseases and for periodic cleansing. A course of Pancharkarma typically includes a short-term dietary prescription, massage, herbs, and may include purgatives, sweat baths, medicated enemas, and nasal cleansing.Ayurvedic massage is a form of treatment for various age related and other common disorders. Some of the advantages which can be cited are pain relief, improved circulation, stress relief, better sleep, flexibility, athletic performance and emotional benefits . Massage therapy can soothe pain, relax stiff muscles, and reduce the swelling that accompanies arthritis . Advocates claim that, with ayurvedic massage, deep-seated toxins in the joints and tissues are loosened and released into the system for elimination through natural toxin-release processes.[9]. There are several different types of ayurvedic treatments such as panchakarma, marma massage and abhyangam.[10] Ayurvedic massage is especially developed in Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala.
- See also:
Current status
In the early 20th century, Ayurvedic physicians began to organize into professional associations and to promote their case for national recognition and funding. This began to become a reality after Indian independence in 1947.Ayurveda is now a statutory, recognised medical system of health care like other medical systems existing in India. The Central Council of Indian Medicine {CCIM} governs and recommends policies for the research and development of the system. An Encyclopedia on Ayurveda - Ayushveda.com[2] has been developed to promote the knowledge of Ayurveda worldwide.
In India, practitioners in Ayurveda undergo 5 and 1/2 years of training including 1 year of internship in select Ayurveda Medical Schools wherein they earn the professional doctorate degree of Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery[B.A.M.S.]. A Bachelor's degree with a major in Science [Physics, Chemistry, Biology] and a minor in Sanskrit is desirable for candidates interested in taking up the course.
Select institutions like the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, offer higher doctorates and postgraduate training such as MD [Ayurveda] which includes a 3 year residency and a dissertation similar to the MD/MS degrees in modern systems of medicine.
Ayurvedic institutions and practitioners
Ayurvedic practitioners have been appointed as Honorary Ayurvedic Physician to the President of India. Every year on the occasion of Dhanvantari jayanti, a prestigious Dhanvantari Award is conferred on a famous personality of Medical Sciences including Ayurveda. Kerala is the leading state in India that promotes research and practices of Ayurveda. This has been attributed to Kerala's well established Ayurveda centers, Ayurveda pharmaceutical companies, and Ayurveda medical colleges. For example, there are many Ayurvedic centers (known as Vaidya shalas) all over Kerala. Besides Kerala, others also promoting Ayurveda are Gujarat, Maharastra, and Karnataka.Practice in the West
As a result of strong regulations in medical practice in Europe and America, the most commonly practiced Ayurvedic treatments in the west are massage and dietary and herbal advice.In the United States, the National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine (established by Scott Gerson) is an example of a research institute that has carried out research into Ayurvedic practices.[11] Gerson has published part of his work on the antifungal activities of certain Ayurvedic plants in medical journals.[12]
Several Pharmecutical companies and Academic Institutions in the west have come into conflict with Indian academic institutions and traditional Ayurvedic practitioners over the intellectual property rights of herbal products researched by the western agencies. The Ayurvedic practitioners have known about the efficacy of such products for centuries and so contend that they carry precedence with regards to patent rights on such products.
On December 1993, the University of Mississippi Medical Center had a patent issued to them by U.S patents and trademarks office on the use of turmeric (U.S. patent No. 5,401,504) for healing. The patent was contested by India's industrial research organization, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R), on the grounds that traditional Ayurvedic practitioners were already aware of the healing properties of the substance and have been for centuries, making this patent a case of bio-piracy.[13]
After a complex legal battle, the U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office ruled on August 14,1997 that the patent was invalid because it was not a novel invention, giving the intellectual property rights to the principle back to the traditional practitioners of Ayurveda. R. A. Mashelkar, director-general of the CSIR, was satisfied with the result, saying:
"This success will enhance the confidence of the people and help remove fears about India's helplessness on preventing bio-piracy and appropriation of inventions based on traditional knowledge[13]"
The turmeric patent was just one of the hundreds that the several academic organizations and Pharmecutical companies in the west have claimed by ignoring Ayurvedic knowledge. Vandana Shiva, a global campaigner for a fair and honest Intellectual Property Rights system, says patents on herbal products derived from Neem, Amla, Jar Amla, Anar, Salai, Dudhi, Gulmendhi, Bagbherenda, Karela, Erand, Rangoon-kibel, Vilayetishisham and Chamkura also need to be revoked.[13]
Seven American and four Japanese firms have filed for grant of patents on formulations containing extracts of the herb Ashwagandha. Fruits, leaves and seeds of the Indian medicinal plant withania somnifera have been traditionally used for the Ayurvedic system as aphrodisiacs, diuretics and for treating memory loss. The Japanese patent applications are related to the use of the herb as a skin ointment and for promoting reproductive fertility. The U.S based company Natreon has also obtained a patent for an Ashwagandha extract. Another US establishment, the New England Deaconess Hospital, has taken a patent on an Ashwagandha formulation claimed to alleviate symptoms associated with arthritis. It is clear that the Ashwagandha plant is catching the attention of scientists and more patents related to Ashwagandha are being filed or granted by different patent offices since 1996.[14]
Ayurvedic wisdom originated in the main Vedas as a part of way of life - a spiritual connection with spirit and nature. This is most evident reading Atharva Veda. Ayurveda was used to remove obstacles on one’s path to Self-Realization. At some point the medical aspects began to take priority over the spiritual forms of healing (ie, focusing on lifestyle, dharma and moksha. Today, these spiritual aspects of Ayurveda have taken a back seat to the medical focus. As Ayurveda becomes a more commercially viable career, the spiritual aspects may continue to lose ground. Yet there are a growing number of practitioners who practice mainly these spiritual therapies and find better results than limiting their approach to the medical, physical realm.
Criticisms
Scientific studies and standards
Critics object to the lack of rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials of many ayurvedic products. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine states that "most clinical trials of Ayurvedic approaches have been small, had problems with research designs, lacked appropriate control groups, or had other issues that affected how meaningful the results were."[15]In India, scientific research in Ayurveda is largely undertaken by the statutory body of the Central Government, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through a national network of research institutes.[16] A large number of non-governmental organisations are also conducting research work on different aspects of Ayurveda[3]. However, "even staunch advocates of Ayurveda like cardiologist Dr. M.S. Valiathan...admit that 'clinical studies that would satisfy the liberal criteria of WHO World Health Organisation have been alarmingly few from India, in spite of patients crowding in Ayurvedic hospitals"'.[15]
Safety concerns
There is evidence that using some ayurvedic medicine, especially those involving herbs, metals, minerals, or other materials involves potentially serious risks, including toxicity.[17][2][19]A research study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association[20] found significant levels of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic in 20% of Ayurvedic preparations that were made in South Asia for sale in America. The Journal found that, if taken according to the manufacturers' instructions, this 20% of remedies "could result in heavy metal intakes above published regulatory standards"[20] Similar studies have been performed in India, and have confirmed these results. Cases of metal toxicity from use of ayurvedic medicines are well known.[22] Some practitioners claimed that "heavy metals are integral to some formulations and have been used for centuries. There is no point of doing trials as they have been used safely and have mention in our ancient texts."[22]
There is a technique of detoxification applied to heavy metals and toxic herbs called samskaras, which is similar to the Chinese pao zhi although the Ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.[23] An intriguing study of the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic samskaras was printed in the Journal of Postgrad Medicine[24]:
Crude aconite is an extremely lethal substance. However, the science of Ayurveda looks upon aconite as a therapeutic entity. Crude aconite is always processed i.e. it undergoes 'samskaras' before being utilised in the Ayurvedic formulations. This study was undertaken in mice, to ascertain whether 'processed' aconite is less toxic as compared to the crude or unprocessed one. It was seen that crude aconite was significantly toxic to mice (100% mortality at a dose of 2.6 mg/mouse) whereas the fully processed aconite was absolutely non-toxic (no mortality at a dose even 8 times as high as that of crude aconite). Further, all the steps in the processing were essential for complete detoxification.[25]
The described detoxification is a simple chemical processing which involves four successive rounds of boiling the crude root in cow's urine (twice) and cow's milk (twice). Such processing is reasonably expected to chemically modify both toxic and proposed therapeutic components of the root. It will also lead to extraction of these compounds from the root into the boiling solvents, thereby decreasing their concentration in the final product.
It should also be noted that, while these washes appear to ameliorate the toxicity of the crude root, there is no evidence that the processed root has any therapeutic value. A search of the Citation Index, via Web of Science (isiknowledge.com), returned no mention of any therapeutic value for aconite. However, the literature is replete with instances of aconite poisoning, though no mention of specific processing is made in these poisoning cases.
"Miracle Cures"
Some critics also question the safety of those Ayurvedic drugs that are said to provide "Miracle Cures". [26] The critics argue that simply following age-old Ayurvedic formulas is no guarantee of safety and the fundamental processes and concepts on which these ancient processes are based must be exposed to serious scientific scrutiny.See also
- List of herbs and minerals in Ayurveda
- Rasayanas
- Chyawanprash
- Research and innovations in Ayurveda
- Charaka Samhita
- Panchgavya - treatment using products of cows
- Sri Lankan Ayurvedic tradition
- Astrogenetics
References
1. ^ [4]PDF (1.25 MiB)
2. ^ 'Suddha medicine' refers to classical Ayurvedic medicine. The word "suddha" is translated as "pure".
3. ^ Ayurveda Encyclopedia, "Know Ayurveda"
4. ^ ayurveda.in
5. ^ Introduction to Ayurveda. Ayurveda. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India. Retrieved on 2006-07-05.
6. ^ Kerala Ayurvedic Health Clinic, "Holistic ayurveda"
7. ^ History of Ayurveda,ayurvediccure.com
8. ^ Dr. Prabhakar Chatterjee. Ras Chkitsa.
9. ^ Ayurveda is Life - Best Ayurveda
10. ^ Types of Ayurvedic Treatments
11. ^ National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine, United States
12. ^ Gerson, S, Green, LH, Preliminary Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Morinda citrifolia Linn., Abstr. Am. Soc. Microbiol. A-66:13 May 2002
13. ^ Johnston, Barbara and Webb, Ginger (1997). "Turmeric Patent Overturned in Legal Victory". HerbalGram Fall 1997 (41): 11.
14. ^ Ashwagandha next on patent hunters list,Hindu Vivek Kendra archive of the Times of India May 16 2001
15. ^ Ayurveda under the scanner,The Hindu
16. ^ Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha.
17. ^ National Center for Complementary and Alternatie Medicine
18. ^ Development and its Status of Ayurveda
19. ^ The Ayurveda Wars,Indian Express
20. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association
21. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association
22. ^ Indian express
23. ^ Alan Keith Tillotson. AHG, PhD, D.Ay The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments 2001
24. ^ Safety & Regulation -- Who's Watching the Herbal Store?", Tillotson Institute of Natural Health.
25. ^ "Can we dispense with Ayurvedic samskaras?" Thorat S. and Dahanukar S. J Postgrad Med. 1991 Jul;37(3):157-9.
26. ^ "miraculous cures".
2. ^ 'Suddha medicine' refers to classical Ayurvedic medicine. The word "suddha" is translated as "pure".
3. ^ Ayurveda Encyclopedia, "Know Ayurveda"
4. ^ ayurveda.in
5. ^ Introduction to Ayurveda. Ayurveda. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India. Retrieved on 2006-07-05.
6. ^ Kerala Ayurvedic Health Clinic, "Holistic ayurveda"
7. ^ History of Ayurveda,ayurvediccure.com
8. ^ Dr. Prabhakar Chatterjee. Ras Chkitsa.
9. ^ Ayurveda is Life - Best Ayurveda
10. ^ Types of Ayurvedic Treatments
11. ^ National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine, United States
12. ^ Gerson, S, Green, LH, Preliminary Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Morinda citrifolia Linn., Abstr. Am. Soc. Microbiol. A-66:13 May 2002
13. ^ Johnston, Barbara and Webb, Ginger (1997). "Turmeric Patent Overturned in Legal Victory". HerbalGram Fall 1997 (41): 11.
14. ^ Ashwagandha next on patent hunters list,Hindu Vivek Kendra archive of the Times of India May 16 2001
15. ^ Ayurveda under the scanner,The Hindu
16. ^ Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha.
17. ^ National Center for Complementary and Alternatie Medicine
18. ^ Development and its Status of Ayurveda
19. ^ The Ayurveda Wars,Indian Express
20. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association
21. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association
22. ^ Indian express
23. ^ Alan Keith Tillotson. AHG, PhD, D.Ay The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments 2001
24. ^ Safety & Regulation -- Who's Watching the Herbal Store?", Tillotson Institute of Natural Health.
25. ^ "Can we dispense with Ayurvedic samskaras?" Thorat S. and Dahanukar S. J Postgrad Med. 1991 Jul;37(3):157-9.
26. ^ "miraculous cures".
Chiropractic (from Greek chiros and praktikos meaning "done by hand") is a health care profession whose purpose is to diagnose and treat mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving
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The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed.
Please see the relevant discussion on the .
Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts.Please see the relevant discussion on the .
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Homeopathy (also homœopathy or homoeopathy; from the Greek, ὅμοιος, hómoios, "similar" + πάθος, páthos
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Naturopathy
This article is part of the branches of CAM series.
CAM Classifications
NCCAM: Alternative Medical System
Modality: Professionalized
Knowledge: Doctorate
Culture:
Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy
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This article is part of the branches of CAM series.
CAM Classifications
NCCAM: Alternative Medical System
Modality: Professionalized
Knowledge: Doctorate
Culture:
Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy
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Osteopathic Medicine
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) A.T. Still, M.D. (founder) Medicine US Medical education Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine AOA AACOM AAO U.S.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, Simplified Chinese: 中医; Traditional Chinese: 中醫; Pinyin:
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Unaani (in Arabic, Hindustani, Persian, Pashtu, Urdu, etc) means Greek. It derives from the Greek word Ionia, the Greek name of the Asia Minor coastline, from the Arabic word for Greece, Al Yunaan.
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NCCAM classifications [1]
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
See also
Complementary and alternative medicine Complementary medicine Alternative medicine
The term
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
See also
The term
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Complementary medicine refers to a group of therapeutic and diagnostic disciplines that exist largely outside the institutions where conventional health care is taught and provided.
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NCCAM classifications [1]
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
See also
Complementary and alternative medicine Complementary medicine Alternative medicine
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
See also
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Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of countries lying substantially on the Indian tectonic plate. These include countries on the continental crust— India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan, island countries
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Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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Motto
जननी जन्मभूमिष्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी (Sanskrit)
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जननी जन्मभूमिष्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी (Sanskrit)
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Anthem
"Sri Lanka Matha"
Music , Singing
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"Sri Lanka Matha"
Music , Singing
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Unaani (in Arabic, Hindustani, Persian, Pashtu, Urdu, etc) means Greek. It derives from the Greek word Ionia, the Greek name of the Asia Minor coastline, from the Arabic word for Greece, Al Yunaan.
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Tibetan medicine is a centuries-old traditional medical system that employs a complex approach to diagnosis, incorporating techniques such as pulse analysis and urinalysis, and utilizes behavior and dietary modification, medicines composed of natural materials (e.g.
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In Sanskrit grammar a tatpuruṣa
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The Charaka Samhita is an ancient Indian Ayurvedic text on internal medicine. It is believed to be the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurveda. It is central to the modern-day practice of Ayurvedic medicine; and, along with the Sushruta Samhita it is now
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surgery (from the Greek χειρουργική meaning "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment.
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Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine'), are broadly applied but loosely defined terms, used variously within different faiths and belief systems — and even by different individuals within a given faith — to refer to some transcendent or
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Brahma (Sanskrit masculine brahman-, nominative
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A Sanskrit term shloka (श्लोक; also spelt sloka) specifically denotes a metered and often rhymed poetic verse or phrase. It also connotes and has come to mean a proverb and a form of prayer throughout Dharmic Traditions having arisen in the Vedas.
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Indra (Sanskrit: इन्द्र or इंद्र, indra) is the god of weather and war, and lord of Svargaloka in Hinduism.
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the Way of the Higher Truths. What is in the West called religion in India comes within the general purview of dharma. Thus the various Indian religions and Dharmic Traditions are so many versions of Dharma (versions of what is considered to be 'right' or in truest accord with the
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Bharadwaja (भरद्वाज) was one of the great sages (rishis) whose accomplishments are detailed in the Puranas.
The descendants of Bharadwaja use Bhardwaj as their surname in Northern India and identify with him in the gotra
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The descendants of Bharadwaja use Bhardwaj as their surname in Northern India and identify with him in the gotra
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Agnivesha tantra is a compilation of the teachings of Ayurveda as given by the Sage Bharadwaja by Agnivesha.
Later Charaka modified the Agnivesha tantra in his own way with a new collection of thoughts and material regarding Ayurveda, available at that time.
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Later Charaka modified the Agnivesha tantra in his own way with a new collection of thoughts and material regarding Ayurveda, available at that time.
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- ''For information about the book Charaka Samhita, see Charaka Samhita.
Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, (300 BC) is one of the founders of Ayurveda, a system of medicine developed in Ancient India.
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11st century BC - 10th century BC
1030s BC 1020s BC 1010s BC - 1000s BC - 990s BC 980s BC 970s BC
1009 BC 1008 BC 1007 BC 1006 BC 1005 BC
1004 BC 1003 BC 1002 BC 1001 BC 1000 BC
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1030s BC 1020s BC 1010s BC - 1000s BC - 990s BC 980s BC 970s BC
1009 BC 1008 BC 1007 BC 1006 BC 1005 BC
1004 BC 1003 BC 1002 BC 1001 BC 1000 BC
- - State leaders - Sovereign states
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Events and trends
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Common Era, also known as Current Era or Christian Era, abbreviated CE, [1][2][3][4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the Gregorian calendar.
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university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctorate) in a variety of subjects. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education.
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