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Bacchanalia

Bacchanalia
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Bacchanalia
Ancient Romans
Pagan, Historical
The bacchanalia were wild and mystic festivals of the Roman and Greek god Bacchus. Introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (c. 200 BC), the bacchanalia were originally held in secret and only attended by women. The festivals occurred on three days of the year in the grove of Simila near the Aventine Hill, on March 16 and March 17. Later, admission to the rites was extended to men and celebrations took place five times a month. According to Livy, the extension happened in an era when the leader of the Bacchus cult was Paculla Annia - though it is now believed that some men had participated before that.

Livy informs us that the rapid spread of the cult, which he claims indulged in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, led in 186 BC to a decree of the Senate—the so-called Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, inscribed on a bronze tablet discovered in Apulia in Southern Italy (1640), now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna—by which the Bacchanalia were prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate. In spite of the severe punishment inflicted on those found in violation of this decree (Livy claims there were more executions than imprisonment), the Bacchanalia survived in Southern Italy long past the repression.

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Bacchanalia (Auguste Léveque)


Modern scholars hold Livy's account in doubt and believe that the Senate acted against the Bacchants for one or more of three reasons. First, because women occupied leadership positions in the cult (contrary to traditional Roman family values). Second, because slaves and the poor were the cult's members and were planning to overthrow the Roman government. Or third, according to a theory proposed by Erich Gruen, as a display of the Senate's supreme power to the Italian allies as well as competitors within the Roman political system, such as individual victorious generals whose popularity made them a threat to the senate's collective authority.

Modern usage and trivia

The term bacchanalia has since been extended to refer to any drunken revelry. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses the phrase "the law was certainly not behind any other learned profession in its Bacchanalian propensities." Representation in the arts:

See also

References

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Roman mythology, the mythological beliefs of the people of Ancient Rome, can be considered as having two parts. One part, largely later and literary, consists of whole-cloth borrowings from Greek mythology.
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Dionysus with panther, satyr and grapes on a vine. In the Palazzo Altemps (Rome, Italy)]] Dionysus or Dionysos (Ancient Greek: Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman Liber), the Greek
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Etruria — usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia (see Tyrrhenos) — was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium, Emilia-Romagna and Umbria.
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March 16 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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March 17 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC–AD 17[1]), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental History of Rome, Ab Urbe condita
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Paculla Annia was a priestess from the southern Italian region of Campania. According to Livy, she largely changed the rules of Bacchanalias so that regarding nothing as impious or forbidden became the very sum of Bacchus' cult. This article relates the story as told by Livius.
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Vienna (German: Wien [viːn], see also ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primate city; with a population of about 1.
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Erich S. Gruen (born May, 1935, in Vienna, Austria) is a notable American classicist and ancient historian. He is the Gladys Rehard Wood Professor of History and Classics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1966.
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Bennington College was founded in 1932 as a women's college focusing on arts, sciences, and humanities. It became co-educational in 1969.
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