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Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The name comes from the conviction that followers of Jesus Christ are commanded to be immersed in water as a public display of their faith, and thus most adherents reject infant baptism. While the term "Baptist" has its origins with the Anabaptists, the denomination itself is more closely linked to the English Separatist movement of the 16th century.

The polity of autonomy is closely related to the polity of congregational governance. Just as each Baptist believer priest with soul competency is equal to all other Baptists in a church, so each church is equal to every other church. No church or ecclesiastical organization has authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.^[1]

Baptists usually are considered Protestants, although some Baptists reject that association (see Origins subsection below). Most Baptist churches choose to associate with denominational groups that provide support without control. Examples of such denominations are the Southern Baptist Convention, National Baptist Convention USA, Conservative Baptist Association of America, American Baptist Churches USA, American Baptist Association (Landmark Baptists), among others.

Both Roger Williams and his compatriot in working for religious freedom, Dr. John Clarke, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in America.^[2] In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."^[3]

Membership

Statistics

See also:

The Baptists number over 110 million worldwide in nearly 300,000 congregations, and considered the largest world communion of evangelical Protestants, with an estimated 38.8 million members in the United States.^[4] Other large populations of Baptists also exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America, notably in India (2.4 million), Nigeria (2.5 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (1.9 million) and Brazil (1.7 million).^[5]

According to a poll in the 1990s, about one in five in the U.S. claims to be a Baptist. U.S. Baptists are represented in more than fifty separate groups. Ninety-two percent of Baptists are found in five of those bodies—the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC); National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. (NBC); National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.; (NBCA); American Baptist Churches in the USA (ABC); and Baptist Bible Fellowship International (BBFI).^[6]

Qualifications

Only those people who are baptized members of a local Baptist church^[7] are included in the total number of Baptists. Most Baptist churches do not have an age restriction on membership, but will not accept as a member a child that is considered too young to fully understand and make a profession of faith of their own volition and comprehension. In such cases, the pastor and parents usually meet together with the child to verify the child's comprehension of the decision to follow Jesus. There are instances where a person makes a profession of faith but fails to follow through with believers' baptism. In such case they are considered "saved" but not a church member until baptized. If children and unbaptized congregants were counted, world Baptists may number over 150 million.

Some churches, especially in the UK, do not require a member to have been baptised as a believer, as long as they have made an adult declaration of faith - for example, been confirmed in the Anglican church, or become a communicant member as a Presbyterian. In these cases, believers would usually transfer their membership from their previous church. This allows people who have grown up in one tradition, but now feel settled in their local Baptist church, to fully take part in the day to day life of the church, voting at meetings, etc. It is also possible, but unusual, to be baptised without becoming a church member immediately.

Baptist beliefs and principles

Main article: Baptist Beliefs

Part of a series on Baptists

Historical Background Christianity General Baptist Particular Baptist

Doctrinal distinctives Prima scriptura Sola scriptura Baptist ordinance Baptist offices Baptist confessions Autonomy of the local church Separation of church and state

Pivotal figures John Smyth Thomas Helwys John Bunyan Andrew Fuller John Gill Charles Haddon Spurgeon Samuel Sharpe

Major Baptist Associations American Baptist Baptist World Alliance Cooperative Baptist Fellowship National Baptist Convention Southern Baptist Convention Baptist Union of Great Britain Brazilian Baptist Convention This box:  •  • [ edit]

Baptist churches do not have a central governing authority. Therefore, beliefs are not totally consistent from one Baptist church to another, especially beliefs that may be considered minor. However, on major theological issues, Baptist distinctive beliefs are held in common among almost all Baptist churches.

Baptists share so-called "orthodox" Christian beliefs with most other moderate or conservative Christian denominations. These would include beliefs about one God, virgin birth, sinless life, miracles, vicarious atoning death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Christ, the Trinity (the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Spirit, together with God the Father), the need for salvation (though the understanding of means for achieving it may differ at times), grace, the church, the Kingdom of God, last things (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth; the dead will be raised; and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness), evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church "covenants" which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

Baptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming of Christ at which time God will sit in judgment and divide humanity between the saved and the lost (the Great White Throne judgment Revelation 20:11| ) and Christ will sit in judgment of the believers (the Judgment Seat of Christ 2 Corinthians ), rewarding them for things done while alive. Beliefs among Baptists regarding the "end times" include amillennialism, dispensationalism, and historic premillennialism, with views such as postmillennialism and preterism receiving some support.

See also: List of Baptist Confessions or Doctrinal Statements

The following acrostic backronym, spelling BAPTIST, represents a useful summary of Baptists' distinguishing beliefs:^[8]

• Biblical authority (Matthew 24:35

1 Peter 1:23

2 Timothy 3:16-17

)

• Autonomy of the local church (Matt. 18:15–17

1 Cor. 6:1-3

)

• Priesthood of all believers (1 Peter 2:5-9

1 Timothy 5

)

• Two ordinances (believer's baptism and the Lord's Supper) (Acts 2:41–47

1 Cor. 11:23-32

)

• Individual soul liberty (Romans 14:5–12

)

• Separation of Church and State (Matthew 22:15–22

)

• Two offices of the church (pastor and deacon) (1 Timothy 3:1-13

Titus 1–2

)

• Saved church membership (Matthew 16:18

Ephesians 5:23–32

Colossians 1:18

)

Most Baptist traditions believe in the "Four Freedoms" articulated by Baptist historian Walter B. Shurden:^[9]

• Soul freedom: the soul is competent before God, and capable of making decisions in matters of faith without coercion or compulsion by any larger religious or civil body
• Church freedom: freedom of the local church from outside interference, whether government or civilian (subject only to the law where it does not interfere with the religious teachings and practices of the church)
• Bible freedom: the individual is free to interpret the Bible for himself or herself, using the best tools of scholarship and biblical study available to the individual
• Religious freedom: the individual is free to choose whether to practice their religion, another religion, or no religion; Separation of church and state is often called the "civil corollary" of religious freedom

Beliefs that vary among Baptists

Because of the importance of the priesthood of every believer, the centrality of the freedom of conscience and thought in Baptist theology, and due to the congregational style of church governance, doctrine varies greatly between one Baptist church and another (and among individual Baptists) especially on the following issues:

• Calvinism/Arminianism
• Doctrine of separation
• Eschatology
• Hermeneutical method
• Homosexuality (See Baptist views of homosexuality)
• Ordination of women as pastor or deacon
• The extent to which missionary boards should be used to support missionaries
• The extent to which non-members may participate in communion services
• The nature of Law and Gospel

Theological, cultural and political controversies

As with all major denominational groups, Baptists have not escaped theological, cultural and political controversy. Baptists have historically been sensitive to the introduction of theological error (from their perspective) into their groups.

• The older Baptist associations of Europe, Canada, Australia and the northern United States have assimilated influences of different schools of thought, but not without major debate and schisms.
• In England, Charles Haddon Spurgeon fought against what he saw as challenges to his strongly conservative point of view in the Downgrade Controversy.
• As part of the continuing fundamentalist/liberal controversy within the Northern Baptist Convention, two new associations of conservative Baptists were formed—the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches in 1932 and the Conservative Baptist Association of America in 1947.
• Landmarkism, with its emphasis on ecclesiastical separation and doctrinal rigidity and its cultural foundation in the South, deterred Southern Baptists from being influenced as strongly by aberrant points of view as were the Baptists in the northern United States and other countries. Old Landmarkism held to the traditional Baptist historical consciousness that traced Baptists through dissenters-Donatists, Cathari-back to Jesus, Jordan and the "First Baptist Church" of Jerusalem. Popular Landmarkism contributed to a historical consciousness implicit in the idea that Baptists were an extension of the New Testament community, perpetuating the true church in every age.^[10]
• Beginning in the 1980s, there was a concerted effort among a determined group of theologically orthodox Southern Baptists to purge modernist theological influence from its seminaries. This highly publicized SBC Conservative Resurgence/Fundamentalist Takeover occasioned two schisms of theologically modernist Baptist churches: the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship and the Alliance of Baptists.

Worship style

The focus of Baptist church worship services is the proclamation of the Word of God through the weekly sermon. Printed Orders of Service often are distributed to worshipers at Sunday morning services, especially in larger congregations. Contemporary services are less likely to have printed bulletins that outline the service.

The worship service generally consists of a sermon preceded by a time of worship through singing. Prayers are offered intermittently throughout the service and an offering is usually taken sometime during the service. An "invitation" is usually offered after the sermon to allow public response to the message by confession of faith, request for baptism or church membership, or the expression of an intention to walk more closely with the Lord.

The music in Baptist churches varies from traditional hymns, to southern gospel, to the more contemporary rock music styles.

Baptist churches are careful to emphasize that worship is not limited to the Sunday gathering, but is a lifestyle of love and service to Christ and dedication to God's truth as revealed in the Scriptures. Most Baptist churches expect the members to carry the message of the gospel into the world among their family and friends.

Origins

There are two main views about the origins of the Baptists: Baptist Perpetuity and Baptist Origins in the 17th century.

Viewpoint: Baptist origins in the 17th century

According to Baptist historian H. Leon McBeth, Baptists, as a distinct denomination, originated in England in a time of intense religious reform. McBeth writes, “Our best historical evidence says that Baptists came into existence in England in the early seventeenth century. They apparently emerged out of the Puritan-Separatist movement in the Church of England.”^[11]

Some see the Baptists as the descendants of the 16th century Anabaptists (which are viewed as a product of the Protestant Reformation) and others see them as a separation from the Church of England in the 1600s.<ref name="McBeth" />

Viewpoint: Baptist perpetuity

The next view of Baptist origin is not held as strongly today but still finds expression in some Baptist circles. This view is often called the Baptist Perpetuity view, but is also known as the Continuation or Successionist view. It states that the Baptist church can be traced back through the ages in an unbroken ‘’succession’’ (hence the name “Successionist”) of organized Baptist churches (although they all did not have the name Baptist) to Jesus Christ and John the Baptist^[12] This view is theologically based on Matthew 16:18 "…and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it," as well as Jesus' commission and promise to be with His followers as they carried on his ministry, "even unto the end of the world."^[13]

The Baptist perpetuity view sees Baptists as separate from Catholicism and other religious denominations and considers, that since the Baptist movement predates the Catholic church, it is not part of the Protestant Reformation.^[14]

Those holding the perpetuity view of Baptist history can be basically divided into two categories: those who hold that there is a direct succession from one church to the next (most commonly identified with Landmarkism), and those who hold that while the Baptist practices and churches continued, they may have sprung up independently of any previously existing church.^[15]

J. M. Carroll's The Trail of Blood booklet, written in 1931, has been a popular writing presenting the traditional view, pointing to groups such as the Montanists, Novatianists, Donatists, Paulicians, Albigensians, Catharists, Waldenses, and Anabaptists, as predecessors to contemporary Baptists. John T. Christian published a more scholarly history of the Baptists from a perpetuity perspective. Other Baptist historians that are holding the perpetuity view are Thomas Armitage, G.H. Orchard, and David Benedict. <ref name="Carroll" />

Baptist historian Leon McBeth is highly critical of this view:<ref name="McBeth" />

Some have so emphasized the sense of continuity from Bible times that they find it difficult to face up to historical facts about Baptist origins. Some have even erected elaborate schemes, or "Trails of Blood," seeking to trace Baptists through all the centuries from Christ to the present. These theories are based upon assumptions, unreliable or nonexistent historical data, or faulty interpretation of Jesus’ promise that the gates of death should never prevail against his church. A Baptist today can have a real sense of identification with the teachings of Christ without trying to prove historical succession.

– Leon McBeth

The American Baptist Association, the Baptist Missionary Association of America, and the Baptist Bible Fellowship are the groups most commonly identified with the perpetuity view today, though large numbers may be found in many Baptist groups who hold to this view of Baptist origins.

The name "Baptist"

Baptist comes from the Greek word βαπτιστής (baptistés, "baptist," used to describe John the Baptist), which is related to the verb βαπτίζω (baptízo, "to baptize, wash, dip, immerse"), and the Latin baptista, and is in direct connection to "the baptizer," John the Baptist.

As a first name it has been used in Europe from the twelfth century also as Baptiste, Jan-Baptiste, Jean-Baptiste, John-Baptist; and in the Netherlands at least since the seventeenth century, often in combinations like Jan Baptist or Johannes Baptist. As a last name it has been used since the thirteenth century. Other variations also commonly used are Baptiste, Baptista, Battiste, Battista.

The Anabaptists in England were called Baptists as early as 1569.

Questions of labeling

Some Baptists object to the application of the labels Protestant, denomination, Evangelical and even Baptist to themselves or their churches, while others accept those labels.

Some who reject the label Baptist prefer to be labeled as Christians who attend Baptist churches. Also, a recent trend (most common among megachurches and those embracing the "seeker movement") is to eliminate "Baptist" from the church name, as it is perceived to be a "barrier" to reaching persons who have negative views of Baptists, whether they be of a different church background or none. These churches typically include the word Community or other non-religious or denominational term in their church name.

Conversely, others accept the label Baptist because they identify with the distinctives they consider to be uniquely Baptist. They believe those who are removing the name "Baptist" from their churches are "compromising with the world" to attract more members. However, there are other church groups that hold to the beliefs listed above, that have never been known by the label Baptist, and also believe that these beliefs are not exclusive to the Baptist denomination.

The label Protestant is rejected by some Baptists (primarily those in the Landmark movement) because in their view Baptists have existed separately since the early church days. Those holding this view maintain that Baptists have never been a part of the Roman Catholic Church, and as such are not "protesting" against Catholicism. Further, they point out that Baptists have no direct connection to any of the Reformationists like Luther, Calvin, or Zwingli. Other Baptists accept the Protestant label as a demographic concept that describes churches who share similar theologies of sola scriptura, sola fide, the priesthood of all believers and other positions that Luther, Calvin and other traditional reformers held in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.

The label denomination is rejected by some because of the local autonomous governance system used by Baptist churches. Being a denomination is viewed by them as having a hierarchy that substitutes for the Roman Catholic Church. Another reason for the rejection of the label is the influence of the Restoration period on Baptist churches, which emphasized a tearing down of denominational barriers. Other Baptists accept the label, feeling that it does not carry a negative connotation but rather is merely a synonym for a Christian or religious group with common beliefs, organized in a cooperative manner to spread its beliefs worldwide.

The label Evangelical is rejected by some fundamentalist Baptists who consider the term to describe a theological position that in their view is not fundamentalist enough, and conversely is also rejected by some liberal Baptists who consider the term to describe a theological position that in their view is too conservative. It is accepted by moderate Baptists who identify with the revival in the United States in the 1700s known as the First Great Awakening. Conversely, some Evangelicals reject the label fundamentalist, believing it to describe a theological position that they consider too extreme and legalistic.

Baptist image in United States

According to surveys, at least half of Americans have a negative view of the Baptist faith.^[16] Many observers attribute the negative assessments of Baptists and other denominations with large evangelical and fundamentalist constituencies to the involvement of these groups with right-wing politics. Other complaints include the excessive intolerance that these groups allegedly show toward homosexuals and judgmental attitudes these groups have toward non-Christians.^[17]

Many observers blame the fundamentalist direction of the Southern Baptist Convention for the poor image of Baptists as a whole.^[18] Others note that many independent Baptist congregations are staunch fundamentalists, regarding all Baptist denominations as too liberal for them to join.^[19] Many of these congregations have a history of employing evangelism techniques that critics consider too extreme and abrasive for modern American culture. Independent Baptist author and publisher Jack T. Chick, for example, distributes cartoon tracts that depict teenagers being dismembered by a chainsaw-wielding Satan, the Catholic Church as an Egyptian/Babylonian inspired cult, and moderate evangelical churches that use modern Bible translations rather than the King James Version as being duped by the Catholic Church's plot to bring about the one-world religion of the Anti-Christ.^[20] Another independent Baptist organization, the Westboro Baptist Church, has been frequently featured on television news for protesting the funerals of homosexuals.

To avoid being mistakenly associated with fundamentalist groups, many moderate evangelical Baptist churches have adopted names such as "Community Church" or "Community Chapel" that leave out the denomination's name. This fits into a general trend by church planters from many denominations to de-accentuate their denomination's name.^[21]

Baptists by country

Brazil

• Brazilian Baptist Convention (http://www.batistas.org.br)
• National Baptist Convention (http://www.cbn.org.br)
• Independent Baptist Churches Convention (http://www.cibi.org.br)
• Batistas bíblicos
• Batistas regulares

Canada

See main article Baptists in Canada.

There are several major groupings of Baptists in Canada.

• Association of Regular Baptist Churches
• Baptist General Conference of Canada
• Canadian Baptist Ministries
• Canadian Convention of Southern Baptists
• Landmark Missionary Baptist Association of Quebec
• Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
• Independent (non-aligned) Baptist churches
• Progressive Primitive Baptists
• Old-Line Primitive Baptists

Jamaica

• Jamaica Baptist Union (http://www.jbu.org.jm)

Sweden

Main article: Baptist Union of Sweden

• The Baptist Union of Sweden (BUS) is the oldest "free church" in Sweden, founded 1848, when a group of people committed the first known baptism in Sweden. At the time this was a crime, and the new movements leader F O Nilsson was deported. Others were fined or jailed.
• A few years later, the Swedish laws changed, and religious groups other than the official state church were allowed to work. In 1934 the Swedish baptism had its peak, with 68 000 members.
• Today (2006 )it has 17 000 members in 223 parishes, some of them also connected to another communion.
• BUS was the first Swedish church to appoint a women as head of the assembly.
• BUS is a member of the Baptist World Alliance (BWA) an European Baptist Federation (EBF).

United Kingdom

• The Baptist Union of Scotland
• Baptist Union of Great Britain

United States

See main article Baptists in the United States.

The majority of Baptists worldwide reside in the United States. The Southern Baptist Convention is the second-largest Christian denomination in the USA, the Roman Catholic Church being the largest. Although Baptist churches are located throughout the USA, the great majority of Baptists live in the southern United States, and the Baptist church has historically exerted a powerful influence in that region of the country.

Major Baptist organizations in the U.S. are:

• Alliance of Baptists
• American Baptist Churches USA
• American Baptist Association
• Baptist General Conference
• Conservative Baptist Association
• Cooperative Baptist Fellowship
• National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
• National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
• Progressive National Baptist Convention
• Southern Baptist Convention

Notes

References

• Gavins; Raymond. The Perils and Prospects of Southern Black Leadership: Gordon Blaine Hancock, 1884–1970 Duke University Press, 1977.
• Harrison, Paul M. Authority and Power in the Free Church Tradition: A Social Case Study of the American Baptist Convention Princeton University Press, 1959.
• Harvey, Paul. Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among Southern Baptists, 1865–1925 University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
• Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (1997).
• Isaac, Rhy. "Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., XXXI (July 1974), 345–68.
• Leonard, Bill J. Baptist Ways: A History (2003), comprehensive international history
• McBeth, H. Leon, (ed.) A Sourcebook for Baptist Heritage (1990), primary sources for Baptist history.
• McGlothlin, W. J. (ed.) Baptist Confessions of Faith. Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1911.
• Pitts, Walter F. Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Rawlyk, George. Champions of the Truth: Fundamentalism, Modernism, and the Maritime Baptists (1990), Canada.
• Spangler, Jewel L. "Becoming Baptists: Conversion in Colonial and Early National Virginia" Journal of Southern History. Volume: 67. Issue: 2. 2001. pp 243+
• Stringer, Phil. The Faithful Baptist Witness, Landmark Baptist Press, 1998.
• Torbet, Robert G. A History of the Baptists, Judson Press, 1950.
• Underhill, Edward B. (ed.). Confessions of Faith and Other Documents of the Baptist Churches of England in the 17th Century. London: The Hanserd Knollys Society, 1854.
• Underwood, A. C. A History of the English Baptists. London: Kingsgate Press, 1947.
• Wills, Gregory A. Democratic Religion: Freedom, Authority, and Church Discipline in the Baptist South, 1785–1900, Oxford.

See also

• Bapticostal movement
• Bible Belt
• Christian Right
• List of Baptist Associations, Conventions and sub-groupings
• List of famous Baptists
• Baptist World Alliance

External links

Specific baptist groups

• The Baptist Union of Scotland (Association of Baptist Churches in Scotland)
• The Alliance of Baptists (considered "gay friendly")
• American Baptist Historical Society
• Association of Grace Baptist Churches (South East)
• Association of Grace Baptist Churches (East Anglia)
• Baptist General Association of Virginia (BGAV) since 1823. Offers alternative for disenfranchised Southern Baptist churches, mainly in Virginia, but now includes some in Georgia.
• Baptist General Convention of Oklahoma
• Baptist General Convention of Texas
• Baptist Union of Great Britain
• Baptist Union of Sweden
• BWA Heritage and Identity Commission
• Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF), ordains women to ministry, among other distinctives
• GARBC and Regular Baptist Press Web Site
• Progressive Baptist
• Union of Baptist churches of Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region Russia '"St. Petersburg Baptists"
• Sabbath Keeping Baptists

General baptist links

• A comprehensive independent Baptist Church Web Portal and Church Search Engine
• Associated Baptist Press
• Baptist History and Heritage Society
• Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty
• BaptistLife.Com
• Baptist Messenger
• Baptist Press
• Center for Baptist Studies
• Doctrinal and Historical Information on Baptists
• Map of USA showing Percentage of Baptist Population in each county
• Online Baptist
• Various resources and services, including The Journal of Baptist Studies, a peer-reviewed, electronic journal