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Bayezid I

Bayezid I
Ottoman Period
Preceded by
Murad I		Ottoman Sultan
1389–1402		Succeeded by
Interregnum


Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد الأول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman: ییلدیرم), "the Thunderbolt"; 1354 – 1403) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I who was of Turkish origin[1][2] and Gülçiçek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek descent.[1][4]

History

Bayezid ascended to the throne following the death of his father Murad I in the first Battle of Kosovo.

One year later, faced with a Hungarian threat from the North, the Serbs agreed to become his vassals and he took as a wife Olivera Despina, the daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia, allying himself with Serbs and enabling his offspring to claim Serbia as a dynastic privilege. He recognized Stefan Lazarević, the son of Lazar, as the new Serbian leader, with considerable autonomy.

In 1394 Bayezid crossed the Danube river attacking Wallachia, ruled at that time by Mircea the Elder. The Ottomans were superior in number, but on October 10, 1394 (17 May 1395 ?), in the Battle of Rovine, which featured a forested and swampy terrain, the Wallachians won the fierce battle and prevented Bayezid from conquering the country.

In 1394 Bayezid laid siege to Constantinople[5], the capital of the Byzantine empire. On the urgings of the Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus a new crusade was organized to defeat him. This proved unsuccessful: in 1396 the Christian allies, under the leadership of the King of Hungary and future Holy Roman Emperor (in 1410) Sigismund, were defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis. Bayezid built the magnificent Ulu Camii in Bursa, to celebrate this victory.

Thus, the siege of Constantinople continued, lasting until 1401. The Emperor left the city to seek aid. The beleaguered Byzantines had their reprieve when Bayezid fought the Timurid Turks on the East.

Enlarge picture
Stanisław Chlebowski, Bayezid prisoned by Timur, 1878


In 1400, the Central Asian warlord Timur Lenk (or Tamerlane) had succeeded in rousing the local Turkic beyliks that had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid. In the fateful Battle of Ankara, on 20 July 1402, Bayezid was captured by Timur. His sons, however, escaped, and fled to Serbia until Timur's death (see also Ottoman Interregnum). Some contemporary reports claimed that Timur kept Bayezid chained in a cage as a trophy. Likewise, there are many stories about Bayezid's captivity, including one that describes how Timur used him as a footstool. Another one describes how Timur made Bayezid's wife dance naked at his court. However, these accounts are thought to be false, as writers from Timur's court reported that Bayezid was treated well, and that Timur even mourned his death. Likewise, Timur's own history with other rulers demonstrated that he was true to his word when he later claimed to have aimed at re-establishing Bayezid on the Ottoman throne. One year later, Bayezid died — some accounts claim that he committed suicide by smashing his head against the iron bars of his cage. Others claimed that he had taken the poison concealed in his ring.

Marriages of Bayezid I: Issue of Bayezid I:

Notes

1. ^ The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Heath W. Lowry, 2003 SUNY Press, p. 153
2. ^ The Fall of Constantinople, Steven Runciman, Cambridge University Press, p. 36
3. ^ The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Heath W. Lowry, State University of New York Press (SUNY Press), p. 153
4. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford Jay Shaw, Cambridge University Press, p. 28
5. ^ Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. p. 273-4

References

See also

External links

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Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Rise (1299–1453)Osman I - Orhan I - Murad I - Bayezid I - Mehmed I - Murad II - Mehmed II
Growth (1453–1683)Bayezid II - Selim I - Suleiman I - Selim II - Murad III - Mehmed III - Ahmed I - Mustafa I - Osman II - Murad IV - Ibrahim I - Mehmed IV
Stagnation (1683–1827)Suleiman II - Ahmed II - Mustafa II - Ahmed III - Mahmud I - Osman III - Mustafa III - Abdul Hamid I - Selim III - Mustafa IV - Mahmud II
Decline (1828–1908)Abdlmecid - Abdlziz - Murad V - Abdul Hamid II
Dissolution (1908–1923)Mehmed V - Mehmed VI
The rise of the Ottoman Empire is the period from the late thirteenth century to 1453. In late 13th century, the Seljuq empire had collapsed and Anatolia was divided into many small states. One of these states was Söğüt, a small tribe settled in river valley of Sakarya.
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Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, "the God-like One") (Turkish:I.Murat Hügavendigâr) (1319 or 1326 – 1389) (Arabic: مراد الأول) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389.
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The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
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The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th century when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I in 1402 by the Turco-Mongol warlord
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Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish:
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Turkish (Türkçe, ] (help info )
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1354 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1354
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Ab urbe condita 2107
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14th century - 15th century - 16th century
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Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the Arabic
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Ottoman Empire or Ottoman Caliphate (1299 to 1922) (Old Ottoman Turkish: دولت عالیه عثمانیه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish:
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Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, "the God-like One") (Turkish:I.Murat Hügavendigâr) (1319 or 1326 – 1389) (Arabic: مراد الأول) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389.
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Turks (Turkish: Türkler), or the Turkish people (Türk Halkı), are a nation (Millet) defined more by a sense of sharing a common Turkish culture and having a Turkish mother tongue by citizenship, religion or by being subjects to any particular
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17,000,000
Regions with significant populations
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Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, "the God-like One") (Turkish:I.Murat Hügavendigâr) (1319 or 1326 – 1389) (Arabic: مراد الأول) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389.
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Battle of Kosovo (or Battle of Amselfeld; Serbian: Косовски бој or Бој на Косову, Kosovski boj, or Boj na Kosovu
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Motto
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Historically Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin)
"Kingdom of Mary the Patroness of Hungary"
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Himnusz ("Isten, áldd meg a magyart")
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Lazar (Стефан Лазар), Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Кнез Лазар
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Danube
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Wallachia (also spelled Walachia; Romanian: Ţara Românească or "The Romanian Land") is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians.
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Mircea cel Bătrân (reigned 1386–1418) was one of the most important rulers of Wallachia. His name translates to "Mircea the Elder." This byname was given to him after his death, in order to distinguish him from his grandson Mircea II ("Mircea cel Tânăr" —
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October 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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Battle of Rovine was one of the most important battles in the early mediæval history of Romania. The battle took place on 17 May 1395 between the Wallachian army led by Voivod Mircea cel Bătrân against an Ottoman invasion led by sultan Bayezid I.
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Wallachia (also spelled Walachia; Romanian: Ţara Românească or "The Romanian Land") is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians.
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Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis, or Πόλις, Polis
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Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople.
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John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ιωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος, Iōannēs V Palaiologos
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