Bernard Malamud (April 26 1914 – March 18 1986) was an American writer, allegorist, and a well-known Jewish-American author. He has received international acclaim for his novels and short stories. His 1952 baseball novel The Natural was adapted into a film starring Robert Redford.

Biography

Bernard Malamud was born April 26, 1914 in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants, Max and Bertha (Fidelman) Malamud. His brother, Eugene, was born in 1917. Bernard attended high school in Brooklyn and during those years he often visited the movie houses and after would describe the plots to his schoolhood friends. He was especially fond of Charlie Chaplin's comedies. From 1928 to 1932 he attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn and received his Bachelor's degree from City College of New York in 1936. He worked for a year at $4.50 a day as a teacher-in-training, before attending college on a government loan. Malamud later earned his Master's degree from Columbia University in 1942. Malamud aspired to teach English, however, the scarcity of work in pre-World War II New York led him to find work in Washington, D.C., with the Bureau of the Census. In 1949 he began teaching at Oregon State University, an experience that he would later fictionalize in his novel A New Life (1961). He left this post in 1961 to teach creative writing at Bennington College in Vermont.

Writing career

Malamud began actively writing short stories in 1941 and in 1943 he published his first stories, "Benefit Performance" in Threshold and "The Place Is Different Now" in American Preface.

In 1948, at the age of 34, he had completed his first novel but he eventually burned it. In the early 1950s, many stories began appearing in Harper's Bazaar, Partisan Review, and Commentary.

The Natural, Malamud's first novel, was published during 1952. The novel is one of his best remembered and most symbolic works. The story traces the life of Roy Hobbs, an unknown middle-aged baseball player who reaches legendary status with his stellar talent. Malamud’s fiction touches lightly upon mythic elements and explores themes as initiation and isolation. The Natural also focuses upon a recurring writing technique that marked much of Malumud’s works.

Malamud’s second novel, The Assistant (1957), set in New York and drawing on Malamud's own childhood, is an account of the life of Morris Bober, a Jewish immigrant who owns a grocery store in Brooklyn. Although he is struggling financially, Bober takes in a drifter of dubious character.

Most of the short stories in Malamud’s first collection, The Magic Barrel (1958), depict the search for hope and meaning within the bleak enclosures of poor urban settings. The title story focuses on the unlikely relationship of Leo Finkle, an unmarried rabbinical student, and Pinye Salzman, a colorful marriage broker. Finkle has spent most of life with his nose buried in books and therefore isn’t well-educated in life itself. However, Finkle has a greater interest – the art of romance. He engages the services of Salzman, who shows Finkle a number of potential brides from his “magic barrel” but with each picture Finkle grows more disinterested. After Salzman convinces him to meet Lily Hirschorn, Finkle realizes his life is truly empty and lacking the passion to love God or humanity. When Finkle discovers a picture of Salzman’s daughter and sees her suffering, he sets out on a new mission to save her. Other well-known stories included in the collection are: The Last Mohican, Angel Levine, Idiots First, and The Mourners, a story which focuses on Kessler, the defiant old man in need of 'social security' and Gruber, the belligerent landlord who doesn't want Kessler in the tenement anymore.

He is most renowned for his short stories, oblique allegories often set in a dreamlike urban ghetto of immigrant Jews. His prose, like his settings, is an artful pastiche of Yiddish-English locutions, punctuated by sudden lyricism. On Malamud's death, Philip Roth wrote: "A man of stern morality, [Malamud was driven by] a need to consider long and seriously every last demand of an overtaxed, overtaxing conscience torturously exacerbated by the pathos of human need unabated".

The Fixer, won the National Book Award in 1966 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Malamud's novel The Natural was made into a movie starring Robert Redford (described by the film writer David Thomson as "poor baseball and worse Malamud"). Among his other novels were Dubin's Lives, a powerful evocation of middle age which uses biography to recreate the narrative richness of its protagonists' lives, and The Tenants, an arguably meta-narrative on Malamud's own writing and creative struggles, which, set in New York, deals with racial issues and the emergence of black/African American literature in the American 1970s landscape. Malamud taught at Oregon State University from 1949-1961.

Marriage

In 1942 Malamud met Ann De Chiara (November 1 1917 - March 20 2007), an Italian-American Roman Catholic, who was then working at an advertising firm. They married on November 6 1945, over the opposition of both Malamud and De Chiara's parents. They had two children, Paul (b. 1947) and Janna (b. 1952).

Ann Malamud, a 1939 Cornell University graduate, typed 100 application letters for a college teaching job for her husband. She also typed and reviewed his manuscripts.

Janna Malamud Smith relates her memories of her father in her memoir, My Father is a Book.

Major Themes, Historical Perspectives, and Personal Issues

Writing in the last third of the twentieth century, Malamud was aware of social problems: rootlessness, infidelity, abuse, divorce, and more, but he believes in love as redemptive and sacrifice as uplifting. Often, success depends on cooperation between antagonists. In The Mourners, for example, landlord and tenant learn from each other's anguish. In The Magic Barrel, the matchmaker worries about his "fallen" daughter, while the daughter and the rabbinic student are drawn together by their need for love and salvation.

If Malamud's readers are sometimes disappointed by ambiguous or unhappy endings, they are often reassured about the existence of decency in a corrupt world. Malamud's guarded optimism reflects several influences. He cites American authors, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry James, as guides to moral and spiritual struggles. Like them, Malamud holds individuals responsible for their behavior. He also admires Russian writers, Fyodor Dostoyevski and Anton Chekhov, for their vibrant portrayal of the self versus society. Although he does not mention other Jewish writers as influences, he concedes "a common fund of Jewish experience and possibly an interest in the ethical approach".

Quotations

"I write a book or a short story three times. Once to understand her, the second time to improve her prose, and a third to compel her to say what it still must say."

"It was all those biographies in me yelling, "We want out. We want to tell you what we've done to you."

"Once you've got some words looking back at you, you can take two or three-or throw them away and look for others."

"Where there's no fight for it there's no freedom. What is it Spinoza says? If the state acts in ways that are abhorrent to human nature it's the lesser evil to destroy it."

"All men are Jews, though few men know it."

"Life responds to one's moves with comic counterinventions."

"Without heroes we would all be plain people and wouldn't know how far we can go."

"Life is a tragedy full of joy."

"I write...to explain life to myself and to keep me related to men."

Awards

National Book Award

• (1959) Fiction, The Magic Barrel
• (1967) Fiction, The Fixer

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

• (1967) The Fixer

O. Henry Award

• (1969) Man in the Drawer

PEN/Malamud Award

Given annually since 1988 in honor of the late Bernard Malamud, The PEN/Malamud Award recognizes excellence in the art of the short story. The basis of the award fund was a $10,000 bequest from Mr. Malamud to the PEN American Center; the fund continues to grow through the generosity of many members of PEN and other friends, and with the proceeds from the annual readings.

Previous winners include such notable authors as John Updike (1988), Saul Bellow (1989), Eudora Welty (1992), Joyce Carol Oates (1996), Alice Munro (1997), Sherman Alexie (2001), Ursula K. Le Guin (2002), and Tobias Wolff (2006).

Bibliography

• The Natural (novel) (1952)
• The Assistant (novel) (1957)
• The Magic Barrel (short story collection) (1958)
• A New Life (novel) (1961)
• Idiots First (short story collection) (1963)
• The Jewbird(1963)
• The German Refugee (1964)
• The Fixer (novel) (1966)
• Pictures of Fidelman (short story collection) (1969)
• The Tenants (novel) (1971)'''
• Rembrandt's Hat (short story collection) (1974)
• Dubin's Lives (novel) (1979)
• God's Grace (novel) (1982)'''
• The Stories of Bernard Malamud (short story collection) (1983)
• The People and Uncollected Stories (unfinished novel short story collection) (1989)
• The Complete Stories (1997)

External links

• The Paris Review interview
• 1986 Real Audio interview with Robert Giroux, friend and co-worker of Bernard Malamud by Don Swaim
• The Bernard Malamud Papers at Oregon State University
• Photos of the first edition of The Natural
• Bernard Malamud and the movies on IMDB

Sources

• Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.
• Contemporary Literary Criticism
• Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 28: Twentieth Century American-Jewish Fiction Writers. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by Daniel Walden, Pennsylvania State University. The Gale Group. 1984. pp. 166-175.
• Smith, Janna Malamud. My Father Is a Book. Houghton-Mifflin Company. New York:New York. 2006