Information about Black Sea deluge theory

The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized prehistoric flood that occurred when the Black Sea rapidly filled. The theory made headlines when The New York Times published it in December 1996.

Flood hypothesis and regional geology

Black Sea today (light blue) and in 5600 BC (dark blue) according to Ryan's and Pitman's hypotheses.

In 1998, William Ryan and Walter Pitman, geologists from Columbia University, published evidence that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred about 5600 BC. Glacial meltwater had turned the Black and Caspian Seas into vast freshwater lakes, while sea levels remained lower worldwide. The fresh water lakes were emptying their waters into the Aegean Sea. As the glaciers retreated, rivers emptying into the Black Sea reduced their volume and found new outlets in the North Sea, and the water levels lowered through evaporation. Then, about 5600 BC, as sea levels rose, Ryan and Pitman suggest, the rising Mediterranean finally spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus. The event flooded 60,000 mile² (155,000 km²) of land and significantly expanded the Black Sea shoreline to the north and west. Ryan and Pitman wrote:

"Ten cubic miles [42 km³] of water poured through each day, two hundred times what flows over Niagara Falls. …The Bosporus flume roared and surged at full spate for at least three hundred days."

The review of sediments in the Black Sea in 2004 by a pan-European project (Assemblage – Noah Project) was compatible with the conclusion of Pitman and Ryan. Calculations made by Mark Siddall predicted an underwater canyon that was actually found.

Criticism

Countering the hypothesis is data collected by some Ukrainian and Russian scientists, for example the research of Valentina Yanko-Hombach, a geology professor of Odessa State University, Ukraine. These findings predated the publication of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which highlights the problem of language barriers faced by western scientists dealing with scientific literature of the former Eastern Bloc.

Yanko-Hombach had shown previously that the water flow through the Bosporus reversed at certain geological times, depending on the water level of the Aegean Sea relative to the Black Sea. This seems to contradict the catastrophic breakage of a Bosporus sill on which Ryan and Pitman base their hypothesis. Likewise, the water levels calculated by Yanko-Hombach were by a wide margin different than those hypothesized by Ryan and Pitman.

In 2007, Yanko-Hombach, now president of the Avalon Institute of Applied Science in Winnipeg, Canada, published a scientific volume featuring 35 papers by an international group of Black Sea scientists, including her own research on this topic.^[1] The book makes a lot of the early Russian research available in English for the first time, and combines it with more recent scientific findings.

As of 2006, a cross-disciplinary research project funded by UNESCO and the International Union of Geological Sciences continued.^[2]

Archaeology

Although neolithic agriculture had by that time already reached the Pannonian plain, the authors link its spread with people displaced by the postulated flood. More recent examinations by oceanographers such as Teofilo A. "Jun" Abrajano Jr at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and his Canadian colleague Ali Aksu of Memorial University of Newfoundland have cast some doubt on this catastrophic flood theory. Abrajano's team, finding sapropel mud deposits in the Sea of Marmara, have concluded that there has been sustained interaction between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea for at least 10,000 years:

"For the Noah's Ark Hypothesis to be correct, one has to speculate that there was no flowing of water between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea before the speculated great deluge. We have found this to be incorrect."

In a series of expeditions, a team of marine archeologists led by Robert Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, drowned river valleys, tool-worked timbers, and man-made structures in roughly 300 feet (100 m) of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey. Radiocarbon dating of freshwater mollusk remains indicated an age of about 7,000 years.

According to a report in New Scientist magazine (4 May 2002, p. 13), the researchers found an underwater delta south of the Bosporus. There was evidence for a strong flow of fresh water out of the Black Sea in the 8th millennium BC.

The review of sediments in the Black Sea coming from a series of expeditions carried out from 1998 to 2005, firstly in the frame of a collaborative project between France (Ifremer^[3]) and Romania (GeoEcoMar^[4]), then followed by a pan-European project (Assemblage^[5]) coordinated by Gilles Lericolais,^[6] confirmed the conclusion of Pitman and Ryan. These results were also completed by the Noah project led by the IOBAS Bulgarian institute. Furthermore, calculations made by Mark Siddall predicted an underwater canyon that was actually found.

The hypothesis remains an active subject of debate among archaeologists.

Identifications with Other Flood Accounts

The proposed deluge has been connected with various Great Flood myths, notably Noah's Flood.

Hershel Shanks, editor of the Biblical Archaeology Review, said that "all modern critical Bible scholars regard the tale of Noah as legendary. There are other flood stories, but if you want to see the Black Sea flood in Noah's flood, who's to say no?"

Fundamentalist Christians claimed that "Noah's Flood was not a local flood in the Black Sea area, but a world-wide flood that has left its mark on every continent on this planet",^[7] and that the timing was wrong.

Sources

John Noble Wilford, "Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge to Farming's Rise," The New York Times, December 17, 1996, pp. B5 and B13.
W.B. Ryan and W.C. Pitman, Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history 1998
Ian Wilson. Before the Flood: Understanding the Biblical Flood Story as Recalling a Real-Life Event. (Orion Books 336 pages. ISBN 0-75284-635-3)

Notes

1. ^ V. Yanko-Hombach et al., The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate and Human Settlement (Springer, 2007, 971 pages) ISBN-10 1-4020-4774-6
2. ^ IGCP 521: Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation accessed Dec 2006
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ [2]
5. ^ [3]
6. ^ [4]
7. ^ Proof of Noah’s Flood at the Black Sea?. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved on 2006-03-08.

External links

Euxine Sea (Older name) redirects here.

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The May 8, 2007 front page of
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Walter Clarkson Pitman, III is a geophysicist and a professor emeritus at Columbia University.

Early Life

Pitman was born in Newark, New Jersey on 21 October, 1931 [1] .
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Oceanic crust 0-20 Ma
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Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Its main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City.
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Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (Turkish: İstanbul Boğazı) (Greek: Βόσπορος
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glacier is a large, slow moving river of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow, that slowly deforms and flows in response to gravity. Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to oceans as the largest reservoir of total water.
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Coordinates Coordinates:
Lake type Endorheic
Saline
Permanent
Natural
Primary sources Volga River

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For the ship Aegean Sea, see .

The Aegean Sea (pronounced [i:ˈdʒi:ən/span>]], Greek:
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Euxine Sea (Older name) redirects here.

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The North Sea is marginal, epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European continental shelf between Norway and Denmark in the east, Scotland and England in the west, and Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in the south.
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7th millennium BC - 6th millennium BC - 5th millennium BC During the 6th millennium BC, agriculture spreads from the Balkans to Italy and Eastern Europe and from Mesopotamia to Egypt. World population is essentially stable at ca. 5 million people.
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Mediterranean is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an approximate area of 2.
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Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (Turkish: İstanbul Boğazı) (Greek: Βόσπορος
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Niagara Falls

The American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and Horseshoe Falls.
Location Niagara Falls (Ontario & New York)
Coordinates Coordinates:
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Total height 167 ft (51 m)
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Ukrainian can mean:

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Neolithic^[1] or "New" Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic era follows the terminal Holocene Epipalaeolithic
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Pannonian Plain is a large plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.

The river Danube divides the plain roughly in half.
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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a nonsectarian, coeducational private research university in Troy, New York, a city lying just outside the state capital of Albany.
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Memorial University of Newfoundland, (popularly known as Memorial University or "MUN") is a comprehensive university located primarily in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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Black Sea Deluge Theory