Brabham Full name Motor Racing Developments, Ltd. Base Milton Keynes, United Kingdom Founder/s Jack Brabham Ron Tauranac Notable staff Bernie Ecclestone Gordon Murray Ron Dennis Charlie Whiting Notable drivers Jack Brabham Dan Gurney Denny Hulme Niki Lauda Nelson Piquet Formula One World Championship Career Debut 1962 German Grand Prix Races competed 402 Constructors' Championships 2 (1966, 1967) Drivers' Championships 4 (1966, 1967, 1981, 1983) Race victories 35 Pole positions 40 Fastest laps 43 Final race 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix

Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (IPA: ['bɹæbəm]), was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2006, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name. The 1966 and 1967 drivers' and constructors' championships were won using Australian-built engines from Repco.

Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.

British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administrating the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1987. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.

Origins

The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, who met in 1951 while both were successfully building and racing cars in their native Australia. Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. There he started driving for the Cooper Car Company works team and by 1958 had progressed with them to Formula One, the highest category of open wheel racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motor sport's world governing body.^[1] In 1959 and 1960 Brabham won the Formula One world drivers' championship driving Cooper's revolutionary mid-engined cars.

Despite their lead in putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Cooper's highly successful 1960 T53 ‘lowline’ car, with input from his friend Tauranac.^[2] Brabham was sure he could do better than Cooper, and in late 1959 he asked Tauranac to come to the UK and work with him, initially producing upgrade kits for Sunbeam Rapier and Triumph Herald road cars at his car dealership, Jack Brabham Motors, but with the long-term aim of designing racing cars.^[3] Brabham describes Tauranac as "absolutely the only bloke I'd have gone into partnership with".^[4] To meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. (MRD), deliberately avoiding the use of either man’s name. The new company would compete with Cooper in the market for customer racing cars; As Cooper were still Brabham's employers, Tauranac produced the first MRD car, for the entry level Formula Junior class, in secrecy. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the 'MRD' was soon renamed. Motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that "[the] way a Frenchman pronounces those initials — written phonetically, 'em air day' — sounded perilously like the French word... merde."^[5] The cars were subsequently known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for 'Brabham Tauranac'.^[6]

By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the mid-engined approach further than Cooper, where Brabham had a poor season, scoring only four points. Having run his own private Coopers in non-championship events during 1961, Brabham left the company in 1962 to drive for his own team: the Brabham Racing Organisation, using cars built by Motor Racing Developments.^[7][8]

Racing history - Formula One

Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac (1961–1970)

Motor Racing Developments initially concentrated on making money by building cars for sale to customers in lower formulae, so the new car for the Formula One team was not ready until partway through the 1962 Formula One season. The Brabham Racing Organisation (BRO) started the year fielding customer Lotus chassis, in which Brabham took two points finishes, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a throttle problem after nine of the fifteen laps, but went on to take a pair of fourth places at the end of the season.^[9]

From the 1963 season, Brabham was partnered by American driver Dan Gurney, the pair now running in Australia's racing colours of green and gold.^[10] Jack Brabham took the team's first win at the non-championship Solitude Grand Prix in 1963.^[11] Gurney took the marque's first two wins in the world championship, at the 1964 French and Mexican Grands Prix. Brabham works and customer cars took another three non-championship wins during the 1964 season.^[12] The 1965 season was less successful, with no championship wins. Brabham finished third or fourth in the constructors' championship for three years running, but poor reliability marred promising performances on several occasions. Motor sport authors Mike Lawrence and David Hodges have said that a lack of resources may have cost the team results, a view echoed by Ron Tauranac.^[13]

The FIA doubled the Formula One engine capacity limit to 3 litres for the 1966 season and suitable engines were scarce. Brabham used engines from Australian engineering firm Repco, which had never produced a Formula One engine before, based on aluminium V8 engine blocks from the defunct American Oldsmobile F85 road car project, and other off the shelf parts.^[14] Few expected the Brabham-Repcos to be competitive,^[15] but the light and reliable cars ran at the front from the start of the season. At the French Grand Prix at Reims-Gueux, Jack Brabham became the first man to win a Formula One world championship race in a car bearing his own name. Only his former team mate, Bruce McLaren, has since matched the achievement. It was the first in a run of four straight wins for the Australian veteran. Jack Brabham won his third title in 1966, becoming the only driver, as of 2006, to win the Formula One World Championship in a car carrying his own name (cf Surtees, Hill and Fittipaldi Automotive). In 1967, the title went to Brabham's team mate, New Zealander Denny Hulme. Hulme had better reliability through the year, possibly due to Jack Brabham's desire to try new parts first.^[16] The Brabham team took the constructors' world championship in both years.^[17]

For 1968 Austrian Jochen Rindt replaced Hulme, who had left to join McLaren. Repco produced a more powerful version of their V8 to maintain competitiveness against Ford's new Cosworth DFV, but it proved very unreliable. Slow communications between the UK and Australia had always made identifying and correcting problems very difficult. The car was fast — Rindt set pole position twice during the season — but Brabham and Rindt finished only three races between them, and ended the year with only ten points.^[18]

Although Brabham bought Cosworth DFV engines for the 1969 season, Rindt left to join Lotus. His replacement, Jacky Ickx, had a strong second half to the season, winning in Germany and Canada, after Jack Brabham was sidelined by a testing accident.^[19] Ickx finished second in the drivers' championship, with 37 points to Jackie Stewart's 63. Brabham himself took a couple of pole positions and two top three finishes, but did not finish half the races. The team were second in the constructors' championship, aided by second places at Monaco and Watkins Glen scored by Piers Courage, driving a Brabham for the Frank Williams Racing Cars privateer squad.^[20]

Jack Brabham intended to retire at the end of the 1969 season and sold his share in the team to Tauranac. However, Rindt's late decision to remain with Lotus meant that Brabham drove for another year.^[21] He took his last win in the opening race of the 1970 season and was competitive throughout the year, although mechanical failures blunted his challenge.^[22] Aided by number two driver Rolf Stommelen, the team came fourth in the constructors' championship.

Ron Tauranac (1971)

Tauranac signed double world champion Graham Hill and young Australian Tim Schenken to drive for the 1971 season. Tauranac designed the unusual ‘lobster claw’ BT34, featuring twin radiators mounted ahead of the front wheels, a single example of which was built for Hill. Although Hill, no longer a front-runner since his 1969 accident, took his final Formula One win in the non-championship BRDC International Trophy at Silverstone,^[23] the team scored only seven championship points.

Tauranac, an engineer at heart, started to feel his Formula One budget of around £100,000 was a gamble he could not afford to take on his own and began to look around for an experienced business partner.^[24] He sold the company for £100,000 at the end of 1971 to British businessman Bernie Ecclestone, Jochen Rindt's former manager and erstwhile owner of the Connaught team. Tauranac stayed on to design the cars and run the factory.^[25]

Bernie Ecclestone (1972–1987)

Tauranac left Brabham early in the 1972 season after Ecclestone changed the way the company was organised without consulting him. Ecclestone has since said "In retrospect, the relationship was never going to work", noting that "[Tauranac and I] both take the view: 'Please be reasonable, do it my way'".^[26] The highlights of an aimless year, during which the team ran three different models, were pole position for Argentinian driver Carlos Reutemann at his home race at Buenos Aires and a victory in the non-championship Interlagos Grand Prix. For the 1973 season, Ecclestone promoted engineer Gordon Murray to chief designer. The young South African produced the triangular cross-section BT42, with which Reutemann scored two podium finishes and finished seventh in the drivers' championship.

In the 1974 season, Reutemann took the first three victories of his Formula One career, and Brabham's first since 1970. The team finished a close fifth in the constructors' championship, fielding the much more competitive BT44s. After a strong finish to the 1974 season, many observers felt the team were favourites to win the 1975 title. The year started well, with a first win for Brazilian driver Carlos Pace at the Interlagos circuit in his native São Paulo. However, as the season progressed, tyre wear frequently slowed the cars in races.^[27] Pace took another two podiums and finished sixth in the championship; while five podium finishes, including a dominant win in the 1975 German Grand Prix, placed Reutemann third. The team ranked third in the constructors' table at the end of the year.

While rival teams Lotus and McLaren relied on the Cosworth DFV engine from the late 1960s to the early 1980s, Ecclestone sought a competitive advantage by investigating other options. Despite the success of Murray’s Cosworth-powered cars, Ecclestone signed a deal with Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo to use their large and powerful flat-12 engine from the 1976 season. The engines were free, but they rendered the new BT45s, now in red Martini Racing livery, unreliable and overweight.^[28] The 1976 and 1977 seasons saw Brabham fall toward the back of the field again. Reutemann negotiated a release from his contract before the end of the 1976 season and signed with Ferrari. Ulsterman John Watson replaced him at Brabham for 1977. The team lost Carlos Pace early in the 1977 season when he died in a light aircraft accident.^[29]

For the 1978 season, Murray’s BT46 featured several new technologies to overcome the weight and packaging difficulties caused by the Alfa engines. Ecclestone signed then two-time Formula One world champion Niki Lauda, whose US$1 million salary was met with sponsorship from the Italian dairy products company Parmalat. 1978 was the year of the dominant Lotus 79 ‘wing car’, which used aerodynamic ground effect to stick to the track when cornering, but Lauda won two races in the BT46, one with the controversial 'B' or 'fan car' version (see below).

The partnership with Alfa Romeo ended during the 1979 season, the team's first with young Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet. Murray designed the full-ground effect BT48 around a rapidly developed new Alfa Romeo V12 engine and incorporated an effective carbon-carbon braking system — a technology Brabham pioneered in 1976 (see below). However, unexpected movement of the car's aerodynamic centre of pressure made its handling unpredictable and the new engine was unreliable. The team dropped to eighth in the constructors' table by the end of the season.^[30] Alfa Romeo started testing their own Formula One car during the season, prompting Ecclestone to revert to Cosworth DFV engines, a move Murray described as being "like having a holiday".^[31] The new, lighter, Cosworth-powered BT49 was introduced before the end of the year at the 1979 Canadian Grand Prix; where after practice Lauda announced his immediate retirement from driving, later explaining that he "was no longer getting any pleasure from driving round and round in circles".^[32]



The team used the BT49 over four seasons. In the 1980 season Piquet scored three wins and the team took third in the constructors' championship. This season saw the introduction of the blue and white livery that the cars would wear through several changes of sponsor, until the team's demise in 1992. With a better understanding of ground effect, the team further developed the BT49C for the 1981 season, incorporating a hydropneumatic suspension system to avoid ride height limitations intended to reduce downforce (see below). Piquet, who had developed a close working relationship with Murray,^[33] took the drivers' title with three wins, albeit amid accusations of cheating (see below).

Renault had introduced turbocharged engines to Formula One in 1977. Brabham had tested a BMW 4-cylinder M10 turbocharged engine in the summer of 1981. For the 1982 season the team designed a new car, the BT50, around the BMW engine which, like the Repco engine 16 years previously, used a road car engine block. Brabham continued to run the Cosworth-powered BT49D in the early part of the season while reliability and driveability issues with the BMW units were resolved. The relationship came close to ending, with the German manufacturer insisting that Brabham use their engine. The turbo car took its first win at the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix. In the 1983 season, Piquet took the championship lead from Renault's Alain Prost at the last race of the year, the South African Grand Prix to become the first driver to win the Formula One drivers' world championship with a turbo-powered car. The team did not win the constructor's championship in either 1981 or 1983, despite Piquet's success. Riccardo Patrese was the only driver other than Piquet to win a race for Brabham in this period - the drivers in the second car contributed only a fraction of the team's points in each of these championship seasons.



Piquet took the team’s last win at the 1985 French Grand Prix before reluctantly leaving for the Williams team at the end of the season. After seven years and two world championships, he felt he was worth more than Ecclestone's salary offer for 1986.<ref name="RoePiq" /> The 1986 season was a disaster. Murray's radical long and low BT55, with its BMW engine tilted over to improve aerodynamics, scored only two points; BMW and Brabham disagree about whether the fault lay with the car or the engine. Driver Elio de Angelis became the Formula One team's first fatality when he died in a testing accident at the Paul Ricard circuit. In August BMW, after considering running their own in-house team, announced their departure from Formula One at the end of the season. Murray, who had largely taken over the running of the team as Ecclestone became more involved with his role at the Formula One Constructors Association, felt that "the way the team had operated for 15 years broke down". He left Brabham in November to join McLaren.^[34]

Ecclestone held BMW to their contract for the 1987 season, but the German company would only supply the laydown engine. The upright units, around which Brabham had designed their new car, were sold for use by the Arrows team. Senior figures at Brabham, including Murray, have said that by this stage Ecclestone had lost interest in running the team. 1987 was only slightly more successful than the previous year - Patrese and de Cesaris scoring 10 points between them. Unable to locate a suitable engine supplier, the team missed the FIA deadline for entry into the 1988 world championship and Ecclestone finally announced the team's withdrawal from Formula One at the Brazilian Grand Prix in April 1988. He sold MRD to Alfa Romeo for an unknown price.<ref name="BGEnd" />

Joachim Luhti (1989)

The Brabham team missed the 1988 season during the change of ownership. The new BT58, powered by an engine from Judd (originally another of Jack Brabham's companies), was produced for the 1989 Formula One season.^[35] Italian driver Stefano Modena drove alongside the more experienced Martin Brundle. The team finished in eighth place, and Modena took the team's last podium: a third place at the Monaco Grand Prix.

Middlebridge Racing (1989–1992)

After Luhti's arrest on tax evasion charges in mid-1989,<ref name="Piranha" /> several parties disputed the ownership of the team. Middlebridge Group Limited, a Japanese engineering firm that was already involved with established Formula 3000 team Middlebridge Racing, gained control of Brabham for the 1990 Formula One season. They paid for their purchase using £1 million loaned to them by finance company Landhurst Leasing,^[36] but the team remained underfunded and would only score a few more points finishes in its last three seasons. Jack Brabham's youngest son, David raced for the Formula One team for a short time in 1990. Damon Hill, the son of another former Brabham driver and World Champion, drove for the team in 1992. Hill joined Brabham after the team dropped Giovanna Amati, the last woman to attempt to race in Formula One, when her sponsorship failed to materialise.

Argentine Sergio Rinland designed the team's final cars around Judd engines, except for 1991 when Yamaha powered the cars. In the 1992 season the cars rarely qualified for races. Hill gave the team its final finish, at the Hungarian Grand Prix, where he crossed the finish line four laps behind the winner. Before the end of the season the team ran out of funds and collapsed. Middlebridge Group Limited had been unable to continue making repayments against the £6 million ultimately provided by Landhurst Leasing, which went into administration. The Serious Fraud Office investigated the case. Landhurst's managing directors were found guilty of corruption and imprisoned, having accepted bribes for further loans to Middlebridge.<ref name="Landhurst" /> It was one of four teams to leave Formula One that year. (cf March Engineering, Fondmetal and Andrea Moda Formula). Although there was talk of reviving the team for the following year, its assets passed to Landhurst Leasing and were auctioned by the company's receivers in 1993.^[37] The team's old factory in Chessington was bought by the Carlin DPR GP2 motor racing team in 2006.^[38]

Motor Racing Developments

Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac called the company they set up in 1961 to design and build customer formula racing cars Motor Racing Developments (MRD). Initially Brabham and Tauranac each held 50 percent of the shares.<ref name="Law31" /> Tauranac was responsible for design and running the business, while Brabham was the test driver and arranged corporate deals like the Repco engine supply and the use of the MIRA wind tunnel. He also contributed ideas to the design process and often machined parts and helped build the cars.^[39]

From 1963 to 1965, MRD was not directly involved in Formula One. A separate company, Jack Brabham's Brabham Racing Organisation, ran the works entry.^[40] Like other customers, BRO bought its cars from MRD, initially at £3,000 per car,^[41] although it did not pay for development parts. MRD often ran works cars in other formulae. Tauranac was unhappy with his distance from the Formula One operation and before the 1966 season suggested that he was no longer interested in producing cars for Formula One under this arrangement. Brabham investigated other chassis suppliers for BRO, however the two reached an agreement and from 1966 MRD was much more closely involved in this category.^[42] After Jack Brabham sold his shares in MRD to Ron Tauranac at the end of 1969, the works Formula One team was MRD, although the name on the official entry list sometimes varied in line with sponsorship deals.

Despite only building its first car in 1961, by the mid-1960s, MRD had overtaken established constructors like Cooper to become the largest manufacturer of single-seat racing cars in the world,^[43] and by 1970 had built over 500 cars.^[44] Other Formula One teams used Brabhams, Frank Williams Racing Cars and the Rob Walker Racing Team were the most successful. The 1965 British Grand Prix saw seven Brabhams compete, only two of them from the works team, and there were usually four or five at championship Grands Prix throughout that season. The firm built scores of cars for the lower formulae each year, peaking with 89 cars in 1966.<ref name="car numbers" /> Brabham had the reputation of providing customers with cars of a standard equal to those used by the works team, which worked ‘’. The company provided a high degree of support to its customers - including Jack Brabham helping customers set up their cars. During this period the cars were usually known as "Repco Brabhams", not because of the Repco engines used in Formula One between 1966 and 1968, but because of a smaller-scale sponsorship deal through which the Australian company had been providing parts to Jack Brabham since his Cooper days.^[45]

At the end of 1971 Bernie Ecclestone bought MRD. He retained the Brabham ‘brand’, as did subsequent owners. Although the production of customer cars continued briefly under Bernie Ecclestone’s ownership, Ecclestone believed the company needed to focus on Formula One to succeed. The last production customer Brabhams were the Formula Two BT40 and Formula Three BT41 of 1973,^[46] although Ecclestone sold ex-works Formula One BT44Bs to RAM Racing as late as 1976.^[47]

In 1988 Ecclestone sold Motor Racing Developments to Alfa Romeo. The Formula One team did not compete that year, but Alfa Romeo put the company to use designing and building a prototype 'Procar' - a racing car with the silhouette of a large saloon (the Alfa Romeo 164) covering a composite racing car chassis and mid mounted race engine, intended for a series for major manufacturers to support Formula One Grands Prix. The car was designated the Brabham BT57.^[48]

Racing history - other categories

Indycar

Brabham cars competed at the Indianapolis 500 from the mid 1960s to the early 1970s. After an abortive project in 1962,^[49] MRD was commissioned in 1964 to build an Indycar chassis powered by an American Offenhauser engine. The resultant BT12 chassis was raced by Jack Brabham as the Zink-Urschel Trackburner at the 1964 event and retired with a fuel tank problem. The car was entered again in 1966, taking a third place for Jim McElreath. From 1968 to 1970 Brabham returned to Indianapolis, at first with a 4.2 litre version of the Repco V8 the team used in Formula One, with which Peter Revson finished fifth in 1969, before reverting to the Offenhauser engine for 1970.^[50] The Brabham-Offenhauser combination was entered again in 1971 by J.C. Agajanian, finishing fifth in the hands of Bill Vukovich II.^[51] Although a Brabham car never won at Indianapolis, McElreath won four United States Automobile Club (USAC) races over 1965 and 1966 in the BT12. The Dean Van Lines Special in which Mario Andretti won the 1965 USAC national championship was a direct copy of this car, by Andretti's crew chief Clint Brawner.^[52] Revson took Brabham's final USAC race win in a BT25 in 1969, using the Repco engine.^[53]

Formula Two

In the 1960s and early 1970s, drivers who had reached Formula One often continued to compete in Formula Two. In 1966 MRD produced the BT18 for the lower category, with a Honda engine acting as a stressed component. The car was extremely successful, winning 11 consecutive Formula Two races in the hands of the Formula One pairing of Brabham and Hulme. Cars were entered by MRD and not by the Brabham Racing Organisation, avoiding a direct conflict with Repco, their Formula One engine supplier.^[54]

Formula Three

The first Formula Three Brabham, the BT9, won only four major races in 1964. The BT15 which followed in 1965 was a highly successful design. 58 cars were sold, which won 42 major races. Further developments of the same concept, including wings by the end of the decade, were highly competitive up until 1971. The BT38C of 1972 was Brabham's first production monocoque and the first not designed by Tauranac. Although 40 were ordered, it was less successful than its predecessors. The angular BT41 was the final Formula Three Brabham.^[55]

Sports cars

Tauranac did not enjoy designing sports cars and could only spare a small amount of his time from MRD's very successful single-seater business. Only 14 sports cars were built between 1961 and 1972, out of a total production of almost 600 chassis.^[56] The BT8A was the only one built in any numbers, and was quite successful in national level racing in the UK in 1964 and 1965.^[57] The design was "stretched" in 1966 to become the one-off BT17, originally fitted with the 4.3 litre version of the Repco engine for Can-Am racing. It was rapidly abandoned by MRD with engine reliability problems.^[58]

Technical innovation

Brabham was considered a technically conservative team in the 1960s, chiefly because it persevered with traditional spaceframe cars long after Lotus introduced lighter, stiffer monocoque chassis to Formula One in 1962. Chief designer Tauranac reasoned that monocoques of the time were not usefully stiffer than well designed spaceframe chassis, and were harder to repair and less suitable for MRD’s customers.^[59] His ‘old fashioned’ cars won the Brabham team the 1966 and 1967 championships, and were competitive in Formula One until rule changes forced a move to monocoques in 1970.^[60]

Despite the perceived conservatism, in 1963 Brabham was the first Formula One team to use a wind tunnel to hone their designs to reduce drag and stop the cars lifting off the ground at speed.^[61] The practice only became the norm in the early 1980s, and is possibly the most important factor in the design of modern cars. Towards the end of the 1960s, teams began to exploit aerodynamic downforce to push the cars’ tyres down harder on the ground and enable them to go round corners faster. At the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix, Brabham were the first, alongside Ferrari, to introduce full width rear wings to this effect.^[62]

The team's most fertile period of technical innovation came in the 1970s and 1980s when Gordon Murray became technical director. During 1976, the team introduced carbon-carbon brakes to Formula One, which promised reduced unsprung weight and better stopping performance due to carbon's greater coefficient of friction. The initial versions used carbon-carbon composite brake pads and a steel disc faced with carbon pucks. The technology was not reliable at first. In 1976 Carlos Pace crashed at 180 mph at the Österreichring circuit after heat build-up in the brakes boiled the brake fluid, leaving him with no way of stopping the car.^[63] By 1979, Brabham had developed an effective carbon-carbon braking system, combining structural carbon discs with carbon brake pads.^[64] By the late 1980s, carbon brakes were used by all competitors in almost all top level motor sports.

Although Brabham experimented with airdams and underbody skirts in the mid 1970s, the team, like the rest of the field, did not immediately understand Lotus' development of a ground effect car in 1977. The Brabham BT46B 'Fan car' of 1978, generated enormous downforce with a fan, which sucked air from beneath the car, although its claimed use was for engine cooling. The car only raced once in the Formula One World Championship, Niki Lauda winning the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, before a in the regulations was closed by the FIA.^[65]

Although in 1979 Murray was the first to use lightweight carbon fibre composite panels to stiffen Brabham's aluminium alloy monocoques, he echoed his predecessor Tauranac in being the last to switch to the new fully composite monocoques. Murray was reluctant to built the entire chassis from composite materials until he understood their behaviour in a crash, an understanding achieved in part through an instrumented crash test of a BT49 chassis.<ref name="Carbon Fibre" /> The team did not follow McLaren's 1981 MP4/1 with their own fully composite chassis until the 'lowline' BT55 in 1986,^[66] the last team to do so. This technology is now used in all top level single seater racing cars.

For the 1981 season the FIA introduced a 6 cm minimum ride height for the cars, intended to slow them in corners by limiting the downforce created by aerodynamic ground effect. Gordon Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C, which allowed the car to settle to a much lower ride height at speed. Brabham were accused of cheating by other teams, although Murray believes that the system met the letter of the regulations. No action was taken against the team and others soon produced systems with similar effects. See Brabham BT49.^[67]

At the 1982 British Grand Prix, Brabham reintroduced the idea of re-fuelling and changing the car's tyres during the race, unseen since the 1957 Formula One season, to allow their drivers to sprint away at the start of races on a light fuel load and soft tyres. After studying techniques used at the Indianapolis 500 and in NASCAR racing in the United States, the team were able to refuel and re-tyre the car in 14 seconds in tests ahead of the race. In 1982 Murray felt the tactic did little more than "get our sponsors noticed at races we had no chance of winning", but in 1983 the team made good use of the tactic.^[68] Refuelling was banned for 1984, and did not reappear until the 1994 season, but tyre changes have remained part of Formula One, to the extent that Max Mosley, head of the FIA, claimed in the late 1990s that television viewers found the spectacle of the pit stops more exciting than overtaking on the track.

Controversy

The fan car and hydropneumatic suspension exploited in the sporting regulations. In the early 1980s Brabham was accused of going further and breaking the regulations. During 1981, Piquet's first championship year, rumours circulated of illegal underweight Brabham chassis. Driver Jacques Lafitte was among those to claim that the cars were fitted with heavily ballasted bodywork before being weighed at scrutineering. The accusation was denied by Brabham's management. No formal protest was made against the team and no action was taken against them by the sporting authorities.^[69]

From 1978, Ecclestone was president of the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA), a body formed by the teams to represent their interests. This left his team open to accusations of having advance warning of rule changes. Ecclestone denies that the team benefited from this and Murray has noted that, contrary to this view, at the end of 1982 the team had to abandon their new BT51 car, built on the basis that ground effect would be permitted in 1983. When ground effect was then banned for the 1983 season by the FIA, Brabham had to design and build a second, entirely different, car (BT52) in only three months.^[70] At the end of the 1983 season, Renault and Ferrari, both beaten to the drivers' championship by Piquet, protested that the Research Octane Number (RON) of the team's fuel was above the legal limit of 102. The FIA declared that a figure of up to 102.9 was permitted under the rules, and that Brabham had not exceeded this limit.^[71]

Championship results

Main article: Brabham Grand Prix results

Results achieved by the 'works' Brabham team. Bold results indicate a championship win.

Season	Entrant	Car	Tyres	Engine	Drivers	Constructors Championship
1962	Brabham Racing Organisation	Lotus 21 Brabham BT3	Dunlop	Coventry-Climax	Jack Brabham	7th (9 points)
1963	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT3 Brabham BT7 Lotus 25	Dunlop	Coventry-Climax	Jack Brabham Dan Gurney	3rd (28 points)
1964	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT7 Brabham BT11	Dunlop	Coventry-Climax	Jack Brabham Dan Gurney	4th (33 points)
1965	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT7 Brabham BT11	Dunlop Goodyear	Coventry-Climax	Jack Brabham Dan Gurney Denny Hulme Giancarlo Baghetti	3rd (27 pts)
1966	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT19 Brabham BT20 Brabham BT22	Goodyear	Repco	Jack Brabham Denny Hulme	Champion (42 pts)
1967	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT19 Brabham BT20 Brabham BT24	Goodyear	Repco	Jack Brabham Denny Hulme	Champion (37 pts)
1968	Brabham Racing Organisation	Brabham BT24 Brabham BT26	Goodyear	Repco	Jack Brabham Jochen Rindt Dan Gurney	8th (10 pts)
1969	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT26/A	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Jack Brabham Jacky Ickx	2nd (51 pts)
1970	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT33	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Jack Brabham Rolf Stommelen	4th (35 pts)
1971	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT33 Brabham BT34	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Graham Hill Tim Schenken Dave Charlton	9th (5 pts)
1972	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT33 Brabham BT34 Brabham BT37	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Graham Hill Carlos Reutemann Wilson Fittipaldi	9th (7 pts)
1973	Motor Racing Developments Ceramica Pagnossin Team MRD	Brabham BT37 Brabham BT42	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Carlos Reutemann Wilson Fittipaldi Andrea de Adamich Rolf Stommelen John Watson	4th (49 pts)
1974	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT42 Brabham BT44	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Carlos Reutemann Carlos Pace Rikky von Opel Richard Robarts Teddy Pilette	5th (35 pts)
1975	Martini Racing	Brabham BT44B	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Carlos Reutemann Carlos Pace	2nd (54 pts)
1976	Martini Racing	Brabham BT45	Goodyear	Alfa Romeo	Carlos Reutemann Carlos Pace Rolf Stommelen Larry Perkins	9th (9 pts)
1977	Martini Racing	Brabham BT45/B	Goodyear	Alfa Romeo	Carlos Pace John Watson Hans-Joachim Stuck Giorgio Francia	5th (27 pts)
1978	Parmalat Racing Team	Brabham BT45C Brabham BT46/B/C	Goodyear	Alfa Romeo	Niki Lauda John Watson Nelson Piquet	3rd (53 pts)
1979	Parmalat Racing Team	Brabham BT46 Brabham BT48 Brabham BT49	Goodyear	Alfa Romeo Cosworth DFV	Niki Lauda Nelson Piquet Ricardo Zuniño	8th (6 pts)
1980	Parmalat Racing Team	Brabham BT49/B	Michelin	Cosworth DFV	Nelson Piquet Ricardo Zuniño Hector Rebaque	3rd (55 pts)
1981	Parmalat Racing Team	Brabham BT49/B/C	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV	Nelson Piquet Hector Rebaque Ricardo Zuniño	2nd (61 pts)
1982	Parmalat Racing Team	Brabham BT49D Brabham BT50	Goodyear	Cosworth DFV BMW	Nelson Piquet Riccardo Patrese	2nd (76 pts)
1983	Fila Sport	Brabham BT52/B	Michelin	BMW	Nelson Piquet Riccardo Patrese	3rd (72 pts)
1984	MRD International	Brabham BT53	Michelin	BMW	Nelson Piquet Teo Fabi Corrado Fabi Manfred Winkelhock	4th (38 pts)
1985	Motor Racing Developments Ltd	Brabham BT54	Pirelli	BMW	Nelson Piquet Marc Surer François Hesnault	5th (26 pts)
1986	Motor Racing Developments Ltd	Brabham BT54 Brabham BT55	Pirelli	BMW	Elio de Angelis Ricardo Patrese Derek Warwick	9th (2 pts)
1987	Motor Racing Developments Ltd	Brabham BT56	Goodyear	BMW	Ricardo Patrese Andrea de Cesaris Stefano Modena	8th(10 pts)
1989	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT58	Pirelli	Judd	Martin Brundle Stefano Modena	9th (8 pts)
1990	Motor Racing Developments	Brabham BT58 Brabham BT59	Pirelli	Judd	Stefano Modena David Brabham Gregor Foitek	10th (2 pts)
1991	Motor Racing Developments Ltd	Brabham BT59Y Brabham BT60Y	Pirelli	Yamaha	Martin Brundle Mark Blundell	9th (3 pts)
1992	Motor Racing Developments Ltd	Brabham BT60B	Goodyear	Judd	Eric van de Poele Giovanna Amati Damon Hill	NC (0 pts)

Notes

References

Books

• Bamsey, Ian; Benzing, Enrico; Staniforth, Allan; Lawrence, Mike (1988). The 1000 bhp Grand Prix cars. G T Foulis & Co Ltd. ISBN 0854296174. 
• Brabham, Jack & Doug Nye (2004), The Jack Brabham Story, Motorbooks International, ISBN 0-7603-1590-6.
• Collings, Timothy (2004). The Piranha Club. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0965-2. 
• Drackett, Phil (1985). Brabham — Story of a racing team. Arthur Baker Ltd. ISBN 0-213-16915-0. 
• Gill, Barrie (ed.) (1976). The World Championship 1975 - John Player Motorsport yearbook 1976. Queen Anne Press Ltd.. ISBN 0-362-00254-1. 
• Hamilton, Maurice (ed.) (1983). Autocourse 1983–1984. Hazleton Publishing. ISBN 0-905138-25-2. 
• Henry, Alan (1985). Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars. Osprey. ISBN 0-905138-36-8. 
• Hodges, David (1998). A-Z of Formula Racing Cars 1945–1990. Bay View books. ISBN 1-901432-17-3. 
• Lawrence, Mike (1999). Brabham+Ralt+Honda: The Ron Tauranac story. Motor Racing Publications. ISBN 1-899870-35-0. 
• Lovell, Terry (2004). Bernie's Game. Metro Books. ISBN 1843580861. 
• Nye, Doug (1986). Autocourse history of the Grand Prix car 1966–85. Hazleton publishing. ISBN 0-905138-37-6. 
• Roebuck, Nigel (1986). Grand Prix Greats. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-792-7. 
• Tremayne, David; Hughes, Mark (1998, 2001). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One. Parragon. ISBN 0-7525-6735-7. 
• Unique, (Various). Brabham - the man and the machines. Unique Motor Books. ISBN 1-84155-619-X. 

Newspapers and Magazines

• Baker, Andrew. "Sport Almanack: Racing cars for sale: one careful owner", The Independent, Oct 10, 1993. 
• Fearnley, Paul. "The powerhouse that Jack built", Motorsport, May 2006, p. 41. 
• Howard, Keith. "Carbon fibre", Motorsport, June 2006, p. 52. 
• Murray, Alasdair. "Tycoon's drive and a formula worth millions", The Times, November 11 1987, p. 4. 
• Scarlett, Michael. "Team Building", Motorsport, May 2006, p. 43. 

Websites

• GrandPrix.com. Brabham (Motor Racing Developments Ltd.). www.grandprix.com. Archived from the original on 2006-03-07. Retrieved on 7 December, 2006.
• Wright, Rosalind. Serious Fraud Office Annual Report 1997–98. www.sfo.gov.uk. Retrieved on 7 December, 2006. Also available in hardcopy. Published by HMSO July 1998. ISBN 0-10-551856-5

All race and championship results are taken from the Official Formula 1 Website. 1962 Season review. www.formula1.com. Retrieved 27 April 2006

External links

• www.forix.com Biography of Jack Brabham, with significant content on the early years of the Brabham team.
• www.nvo.com Picture gallery of historic Brabhams.
• www.motorracing-archive.com Summary history of Brabham 1961–1972, including significant race results and production numbers for all models. (Archived here).
• www.oldracingcars.com Complete race history of all Brabham F1 models from 1966 to 1982 and links to Brabham research projects on other models.
• www.f3history.co.uk History of Formula Three, including Brabham (under 'Manufacturers'). (Archived here)
• www.autocoursegpa.com Complete world championship Brabham team statistics

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