Brachycera

Information about Brachycera

Brachycera

Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order:Diptera
Suborder:Brachycera
Infraorder


Asilomorpha
Muscomorpha
Stratiomyomorpha
Tabanomorpha
Vermileonomorpha
Xylophagomorpha


Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. The most distinguishing characteristic of the suborder is reduced antenna segmentation. A summary of main physiological characteristics follows:
  • Reduced antenna size (with 8 or fewer flagellomeres).
  • A maxillary palp (an elongated appendage near the mouth) having only 2 segments or less.
  • The back portions of the larval head capsule extend into the prothorax (the anterior part of the thorax which bears the first pair of legs).
  • There are two distinct parts which comprise of the larval mandible (lower jaw).
  • The epandrium and hypandrium of the genitalia are separated in males.
  • No premandible on the lower surface of the labrum (the roof of the mouth).
  • A distinct configuration of the CuA2 and A1 wing veins.
Brachyceran flies can also be distinguished through behavior. Many of the species are predators or scavengers.

Classification

The structures of subgroups within the Brachycera is a source of much confusion and controversy; many of the names used historically (e.g. Orthorrhapha) have not been used in decades, but still persist in textbooks, checklists, faunal catalogs, and other sources. Additionally, most recent classifications no longer use the Linnaean ranks for taxa (e.g., the Tree of Life Web Project), and this creates its own set of problems. See for details.

See also

External links

Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829

Subphyla and Classes
  • Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
  • Trilobita - trilobites (extinct)
  • Subphylum Chelicerata

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Insecta
Linnaeus, 1758

Orders
Subclass Apterygota
* Archaeognatha (bristletails)
* Thysanura (silverfish)
Subclass Pterygota
* Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic)

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Diptera
Linnaeus, 1758

Suborders

Nematocera (includes Eudiptera)
Brachycera

True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron
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Asilomorpha

Superfamilies
  • Asiloidea
  • Empidoidea
  • Nemestrinoidea


The Brachyceran infraorder Asilomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies, containing the bulk of the non-muscoid Brachycera.
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Muscomorpha

Sections

Aschiza
Schizophora
see text for superfamilies

The Brachyceran infraorder Muscomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies, containing the bulk of the Brachycera, and, in fact, most of the known Diptera.
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Stratiomyomorpha

Families

Pantophthalmidae
Stratiomyidae- Soldier flies
Xylomyidae

The brachyceran infraorder Stratiomyomorpha is a small group that consists primarily of the family Stratiomyidae and two small related families.
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Tabanomorpha

Families
  • Alinkidae- extinct (Triassic)
  • Athericidae- ibis flies
  • Austroleptidae
  • Eostratiomyiidae- extinct (Middle Jurassic)
  • Oreoleptidae
  • Pelecorhynchidae
  • Rhagionidae- snipe flies
  • Spaniidae

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Xylophagomorpha

Family: Xylophagidae

Subfamilies

Coenomyiinae
Rachicerinae
Xylophaginae

The Brachyceran infraorder Xylophagomorpha is a small group that consists solely of the family
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Diptera
Linnaeus, 1758

Suborders

Nematocera (includes Eudiptera)
Brachycera

True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron
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family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Code which applies.
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Antennae (singular antenna) are paired appendages connected to the front-most segments of arthropods. In crustaceans, they are biramous and present on the first two segments of the head, with the smaller pair known as antennules.
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Antennae (singular antenna) are paired appendages connected to the front-most segments of arthropods. In crustaceans, they are biramous and present on the first two segments of the head, with the smaller pair known as antennules.
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Antennae (singular antenna) are paired appendages connected to the front-most segments of arthropods. In crustaceans, they are biramous and present on the first two segments of the head, with the smaller pair known as antennules.
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Maxillary is something related to the maxilla bone. It may be:
  • Maxillary artery
  • Maxillary nerve

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Pedipalps, the second pair of appendages of the cephalothorax in Arachnida, is homologous with mandibles in Crustacea, and corresponding to the mandibles of insects. The pedipalps are appendages of six segments: the coxae, a single trochanter, the femur, a short patella, the tibia,
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The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side.
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mandible (from Latin mandibūla, "jawbone") or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face . It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.
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A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined, is any of those anatomical parts of the body which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in a complex organism; namely:

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Labrum (Latin for "lip") can refer to:
  • In architecture, the large vessel of a warm bath in the Roman thermae. These were cut out of great blocks of marble and granite, and have generally an overhanging lip. There is one in the Vatican of porphyry over 12 ft. in diameter.

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WING

City of license Dayton, Ohio
Broadcast area Dayton
Branding "ESPN 1410"
Slogan Same as branding
First air date 1921
Frequency 1410 KHZ
Format Sports Talk
ERP 5,000 watts-D/N
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vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.
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predation describes a biological interaction where a predator organism feeds on another living organism or organisms known as prey.[1] Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them.
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Scavengers are animals that consume already dead animals (carrion). Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by contributing to the decomposition of dead animal remains. Decomposers complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.
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Orthorrhapha is a circumscriptional name which historically was used for an infraorder of Brachycera, one of the two suborders into which the order Diptera, the flies, are divided.
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The Tree of Life Web Project is an ongoing Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world.
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The Larger Brachycera is a name which refers to flies in the following families of the suborder Brachycera:
  • Acroceridae, the hunchback-flies
  • Asilidae, the robberflies
  • Athericidae, the water-snipeflies
  • Bombyliidae, the bee-flies

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