Byeonhan

Information about Byeonhan

Byeonhan confederacy

Hangul	변한 or 변진
Hanja	弁韓 or 弁辰
Revised Romanization	Byeonhan or Byeonjin
McCune-Reischauer	Pyŏnhan or Pyŏnjin

Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula. Byeonhan was one of the Samhan (or "Three Hans"), along with Mahan and Jinhan.

History of Korea
Jeulmun Period Mumun Period Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms: Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye Samhan Ma, Byeon, Jin Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo Sui wars Baekje Silla, Gaya North-South States: Unified Silla Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Khitan wars Mongol invasions Joseon Japanese invasions Manchu invasions Korean Empire Japanese occupation Provisional Gov't Division of Korea Korean War North, South Korea
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History

This early part of the Three Kingdoms period is sometimes called the Proto-Three Kingdoms period.

Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, appear descended from Jin state of southern Korea. Following the fall of Gojoseon and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in the northern part of the Korean peninsula in 108 BC, refugee migration and cultural transmission continued to transform the region.

Archeological evidence indicates an increase in military activity and weapons production among the Byeonhan in the 3rd century, especially an increase in iron arrowheads and cuirasses (Barnes 2000). This may be associated with the decline of Byeonhan and the rise of the more centralized Gaya Confederacy, which most Byeonhan states joined. Gaya was subsequently annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Culture and trade

The Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms state that the language and culture of Byeonhan was essentially the same as Jinhan, and archeological artifacts show little difference. Byeonhan may have simply referred to the chiefdoms in the south and west of the Nakdong River valley which were not formal members of the Jinhan confederacy.

According to the 3rd century Chinese chronicle Wei Zhi, Byeonhan was known for the production of iron; it exported iron to the Chinese commanderies to the north, Yamato Japan and the rest of the Korean peninsula. It was also a center of stoneware manufacture.

Member statelets

According to the Records of Three Kingdoms, Byeonhan consisted of 12 statelets:

Mirimidong (미리미동국/彌離彌凍國)
Jeopdo (접도국/接塗國)
Gojamidong (고자미동국/古資彌凍國), in modern-day Goseong County
Gosunsi (고순시국/古淳是國)
Ballo (반로국/半路國)
Nangno (낙노국/樂奴國)
Gunmi (군미국/軍彌國)
Mioyama (미오야마국/彌烏邪馬國), Goryeong County
Gamno (감로국/甘路國)
Guya (구야국/狗邪國), Gimhae
Jujoma (주조마국/走漕馬國)
Anya (안야국/安邪國), Haman County
Dongno (독로국/瀆盧國), Dongnae Ward of Busan

References

Barnes, G.L. (2000). Archeological armor in Korea and Japan: Styles, technology and social setting. Journal of East Asian Archeology 2 (3–4), 61–96. (Electronic Version).
http://enc.daum.net/dic100/viewContents.do?&m=all&articleID=b09b2934a
http://100.naver.com/100.php?id=75359
http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html/?i=146183

Hangul (한글) or Chosŏn'gŭl (조선글) ^[2]

ISO 15924 Hang

Note
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Origins
Traditional Chinese
Variant characters
Simplified Chinese
Simplified Chinese (2nd-round)
Traditional/Simplified (debate)
Kanji
- Man'yōgana
Hanja
- Idu
Han Tu
- Chữ Nm

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The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. It is the official South Korean replacement for the 1984 McCune-Reischauer–based romanization system.
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McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000.
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Common Era, also known as Current Era or Christian Era, abbreviated CE, ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the Gregorian calendar.
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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century (per the Julian/Gregorian calendar and Anno Domini era) was that century which lasted from 301 to 400.

Overview

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Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles (1,100 km) from the continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the
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Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula, which were eventually absorbed into two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
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Mahan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Province. Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon migration and the Jin federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan (or
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Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province.
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history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present.^[1] The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BCE, and the Neolithic period began before 6000 BCE, followed by the Bronze Age around 2500 BCE.
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History of Korea
Jeulmun Period
Mumun Period
Gojoseon, Jin
Proto-Three Kingdoms:
Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye
Samhan
Ma, Byeon, Jin
Three Kingdoms:
Goguryeo
Sui wars
Baekje
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Gojoseon is an ancient Korean kingdom. It is called the first kingdom in Korea. Modern historians generally believe it developed into a powerful federation or kingdom between 7th and 4th centuries BCE, in the basins of the Liao and Taedong Rivers, ruling over northern Korean
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Jin was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north. Its capital was somewhere south of the Han River.
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Buyeo, Puyo, or Fuyu was an ancient kingdom located in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria, from about the 2nd century BC to 494. Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered
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Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BC to 5th century AD.

Dong-okjeo (East Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (North Okjeo) occupied the Duman River
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Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and China's Lelang Commandery to the west.
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Three Kingdoms of Korea (Hangul: 삼국시대) refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE.
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Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula.

Along with Baekje and Silla, Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
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Goguryeo-Sui Wars were a series of campaigns launched by the Sui Dynasty of China against the Goguryeo kingdom of Korea between 598 and 614. It resulted in the defeat of Sui and contributed to its eventual downfall of the dynasty in 618.
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Gaya was a confederacy of City-states in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period (Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula).
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Unified Silla or Later Silla (668–935) is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, after 668, when it conquered Baekje to unify the southern portion of the Korean peninsula.
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