Catharus
Information about Catharus
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) Gray-cheeked Thrush Gray-cheeked Thrush | ||||||||||||
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Catharus is a genus of birds in the thrush family Turdidae. It contains the small, mostly insectivorous or omnivorous migrant thrushes of North America and the nightingale-thrushes of Central and South America. Its closest relative is the Wood Thrush of the monotypic genus Hylocichla (Winker & Pruett, 2006) which is sometimes merged into Catharus.
These are mainly forest birds with large eyes, straight slim bills and fluty voices.
This is a typical New World thrush genus, although representatives of other genera, such as the true thrushes (Turdus) also occur in the region, especially in Central and South America.
Systematics
The Catharus species are either long-distance migrants or fairly resident birds. They were sometimes split according to this and morphological characters, the migrant group occasionally including the Wood Thrush also. Comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 as well as nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 sequence data indicates that this is incorrect (Winker & Pruett, 2006).Due to the adaptational requirements of the independently-acquired long-distance migrant lifestyle, several apparent morphological similarities between supposedly related species are actually due to convergent evolution. It seems that the genus originated in tropical or subtropical forest ecosystems of northern Central America, and that ever so often species diverged to settle more northernly regions, subsequently finding themselves forced to migrate south in winter into more food-rich habitat. The most ancient of these northward divergences was probably Swainson's Thrush, and the most recent one the fuscescens-minimus-bicknelli cryptic species complex.
The nightingale-thrushes are also paraphyletic. Whereas the aurantiirostris-fuscater/mexicanus-dryas group indeed forms a distinct lineage -- probably living close to the genus' center of origin -- the Russet Nightingale-thrush is closest to the Hermit Thrush. The Ruddy-capped Nightingale-thrush is close to the Gray-cheeked species complex, while the Black-billed Nightingale-thrush is also fairly close to both of the nightingale-thrush/migrant lineages. Swainson's Thrush has no close living relatives.
The species are:
- Veery, Catharus fuscescens
- Gray-cheeked Thrush, Catharus minimus
- Bicknell's Thrush, Catharus bicknelli
- Ruddy-capped Nightingale-thrush, Catharus frantzii
- Black-billed Nightingale-thrush, Catharus gracilirostris
- Hermit Thrush, Catharus guttatus
- Russet Nightingale-thrush, Catharus occidentalis
- Swainson's Thrush, Catharus ustulatus
- Orange-billed Nightingale-thrush, Catharus aurantiirostris
- Slaty-backed Nightingale-thrush, Catharus fuscater
- Black-headed Nightingale-thrush, Catharus mexicanus
- Spotted Nightingale-thrush, Catharus dryas
References
- American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) (1998): Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
- Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
- Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L. (2006): Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae). Auk 123(4): 1052-1068. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Chordata
Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Passeriformes
Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. More than half of all species of bird are passerines.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
- Acanthisitti
- Tyranni
- Passeri
A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. More than half of all species of bird are passerines.
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Turdidae
Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
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Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
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Charles Lucien (Carlo) Jules Laurent Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano (May 24, 1803 – July 29, 1857) was a French naturalist and ornithologist. He was the son of Lucien Bonaparte and nephew of Emperor Napoleon.
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18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1847 1848 1849 - 1850 - 1851 1852 1853
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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1820s 1830s 1840s - 1850s - 1860s 1870s 1880s
1847 1848 1849 - 1850 - 1851 1852 1853
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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genus (plural: genera) is part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms.
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Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Turdidae
Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
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Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
..... Click the link for more information.
Turdidae
Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
..... Click the link for more information.
Genera
Some 20, see text
The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World.
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Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of birds. Migrations include movements of varied distances made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather.
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North America is a continent [1] in the Earth's northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west
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Central America (Spanish: Centroamérica or América Central) is a central geographic region of the Americas. It is variably defined either as the southern portion of North America, which connects with South America on the southeast, or a region of
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South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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Hylocichla
Baird, 1864
Species: H. mustelina
Binomial name
Hylocichla mustelina
(Gmelin, 1789)
Synonyms
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Baird, 1864
Species: H. mustelina
Binomial name
Hylocichla mustelina
(Gmelin, 1789)
Synonyms
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Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type:
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- in botany it means that a taxon has only one species; Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family.
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Turdus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Some 65, see text.
The true thrushes are medium-sized mostly insectivorous or omnivorous birds in the genus Turdus of the thrush family Turdidae.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Some 65, see text.
The true thrushes are medium-sized mostly insectivorous or omnivorous birds in the genus Turdus of the thrush family Turdidae.
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Central America (Spanish: Centroamérica or América Central) is a central geographic region of the Americas. It is variably defined either as the southern portion of North America, which connects with South America on the southeast, or a region of
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South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function.
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. Most other DNA present in eukaryotic organisms is found in the cell nucleus. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived from the
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The coenzyme Q : cytochrome c — oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain (EC 1.10.2.
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NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.5.3 ) is an enzyme located in the inner mitochodrial membrane that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q (CoQ). It is also called the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase.
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In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein.
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Nuclear DNA , nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA), is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. In most cases it encodes more of the genome than the mitochondrial DNA and is passed sexually rather than matrilineally.
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Fibrin is a protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is a fibrillar protein that is polymerised to form a "mesh" that forms a hemostatic plug or clot (in conjunction with platelets) over a wound site.
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Introns, derived from the term "Intervening Sequences", are non-coding sections of DNA. Once this DNA section has been transcribed as a pre-mRNA sequence, the introns will be spliced out, then the mRNA will be translated into a protein.
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DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information.
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