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Cemetery H Culture

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Geography of the Rigveda, with river names; the extent of the Swat and Cemetery H cultures are indicated.
History of South Asia and History of India

Stone Age70,000–3300 BCE
Mehrgarh Culture7000–3300 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization3300–1700 BCE
Late Harappan Culture1700–1300 BCE
Vedic period1500–500 BCE
Iron Age1200–300 BCE
Maha Janapadas700–300 BCE
Magadha Empire545–320 BCE
Maurya Empire321–184 BCE
Middle Kingdoms230 BCE–1279 CE
Satavahana Empire230 BCE–199 CE
Kushan Empire60–240
Gupta Empire280–550
Pala Empire750–1174
Chola Empire848–1070
Delhi Sultanate1206–1526
Deccan Sultanates1490–1596
Hoysala Empire1040–1346
Kakatiya Empire1083–1323
Vijayanagara Empire1336–1565
Maratha Empire1674–1818
Mughal Empire1526–1707
Sikh Confederacy Misls1716–1799
Sikh Rule in Delhi1772, 1778, 1783
Sikh Empire1799–1849
Punjab (British India)1849–1947
East Punjab1947–1966
Punjab (India) - Sikh State1966 - Present
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The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE, in and around the Punjab region. It was named after a cemetery found in "area H" at Harappa.

The Cemetery H culture is part of the Punjab Phase, one of three cultural phases that developed in the Localization Era of the Indus Valley Tradition.[1][2]

The distinguishing features of this culture include: The Cemetery H culture also "shows clear biological affinities" with the earlier population of Harappa.[4]

The archaeologist Kenoyer noted that this culture "may only reflect a change in the focus of settlement organization from that which was the pattern of the earlier Harapppan phase and not cultural discontinuity, urban decay, invading aliens, or site abandonment, all of which have been suggested in the past."[5]

Remains of the culture have been dated from about 1900 BCE until about 1300 BCE. Together with the Gandhara grave culture and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, it is considered by some scholars a nucleus of Vedic civilization.

References

1. ^ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1991). "The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India". Journal of World Prehistory 5: 1–64. 
2. ^ Shaffer, Jim G. (1992). "The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age", in R. W. Ehrich (ed.): Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Second Edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I:441-464, II:425-446. 
3. ^ Sarkar, Sasanka Sekhar (1964). Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Panjab, and Sind. 
4. ^ Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. (2000). God-Apes and Fossil Men: Palaeoanthropology of South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 312.  Also Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London and Chicago: Fitzroy-Dearborn, 103, 310. 
5. ^

See also

The term South Asia usually refers to the political entities of the region now known as the Indian subcontinent - the Republic of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and the island nations of Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
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History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the
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will be treated The South Asian Stone Age covers the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods in South Asia.

Paleolithic

Homo erectus

Homo erectus lived in South Asia during the Pleistocene Epoch.
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Mehrgarh, one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BCE to 3200 BCE) sites in archaeology, lies on the "Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan, and is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia.
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The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000–1500 BCE, flourished 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, extending westward into
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Vedic period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the history of India when the sacred Vedic Sanskrit texts such as the Vedas were composed. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was centered on the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture, also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. The cultures of the Punjab and Rajasthan in this phase spread eastward across the Gangetic plain.
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Mahajanapadas (महाजनपद) literally means "Great kingdoms" (from Sanskrit Maha = great, Janapada = foothold of tribe = country). Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya (I. p 213; IV.
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Magadha (मगध) formed one of the sixteen so-called Mahājanapadas (Sanskrit, 'great country') or regions in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the portion of Bihar lying south of the Ganges, with its capital at Rajagriha (modern Rajgir).
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Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE), ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India.

Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic plains (modern Bihar and Bengal) in the eastern side of
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Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 2nd century BCE since the decline of the Maurya Empire, and the corresponding rise of the Satavahana dynasty, beginning with Simuka, from 230 BCE.
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The Sātavāhanas (Marathi: सातवाहन, Telugu:శాతవాహనులు), were a dynasty which ruled from Junnar (Pune), Prathisthapana (Paithan) in Maharashtra and Amaravati
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See Kushan (Homeworld) for the "Homeworld" exiles.
The Kushan Empire (c. 1st–3rd centuries) was a state that at its height, about 105–250, stretched from what is now Tajikistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan and down into the Ganges river valley in
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Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. It was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 600 CE and covered most of Northern India, the region presently in the nation of Pakistan and what is now western India and Bangladesh.
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Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions, from the 8th to the 12th century. The name Pala (Modern Bengali পাল pal
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History of Tamil Nadu

Chronology of Tamil history

Ancient Tamil country

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The Delhi Sultanate (Urdu:دلی سلطنت), or Sultanat-e-Hind (Urdu: سلطنتِ هند) / Sultanat-e-Dilli (Urdu:
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The Deccan sultanates were five late medieval kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range.
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The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (pronunciation: ]
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The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE[1]. It was one of the great Telugu kingdoms that lasted for centuries.
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Sangama Dynasty
Harihara Raya I 1336-1356
Bukka Raya I 1356-1377
Harihara Raya II 1377-1404
Virupaksha Raya 1404-1405
Bukka Raya II 1405-1406
Deva Raya I 1406-1422
Ramachandra Raya 1422
Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422-1424
Deva Raya II 1424-1446
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The Mughal Empire (Persian: سلطنت مغولی هند,
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The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons[1], in Punjab[2].
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The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons[1], in Punjab[2].
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Punjab was a province of British India. It was split in 1947 between India and Pakistan. It comprised the present day areas of:
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