Information about Chalcedon

For the Ecumenical Council of 451, see Council of Chalcedon; For the religious/political organization, see Chalcedon Foundation.

Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). Today, in modern Turkish, Chalcedon is called Kadıköy, a district of Istanbul, Turkey.

Bithynia as a province of the Roman Empire, 120 AD

It was a Megarian colony founded on a site so obviously inferior to that which was within view on the opposite shore, that it received from the oracle the name of "the City of the Blind."

In its early history it shared the fortunes of Byzantium, was taken by the satrap Otanes, vacillated long between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interests, and was at last bequeathed to the Roman Republic by Attalus III of Pergamum (133 BC).

It was partly destroyed by Mithradates, but recovered during the Empire, and in 361 AD it was the location of the Chalcedon tribunal, where Julian the apostate brought his enemies to trial. In 451 AD was the location of the Council of Chalcedon.

It fell under the repeated attacks of the barbarian hordes who crossed over after having ravaged Byzantium, and furnished an encampment to the Persians under Chosroes, c. 616–626. The Turks used it as a quarry for building materials for Constantinople.

To the south are the ruins of Panteichion (mod. Pendik), where Belisarius is said to have lived in retirement.

The name of the mineral chalcedony is derived from that of this town.

It is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.^[1]

References

1. ^ Chalcedon - Catholic Encyclopedia article

Coordinates:

Chalcedon is also spelled as 'Calchedon' (in Xenophon's Hellenica and Arrian's Anabasis).

The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor), today part of the city of Istanbul on the Asian side of the Bosphorus and known as the district of Kadıköy.
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Dominionism
Ideas
Biblical Theology
Separation of church and state
Postmillennialism
Supersessionism
Theonomy

Advocates
R. J.
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Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. It is also the system of rules for that practice.

Technically, from a linguistic point of view, it is a mapping from one system of writing into another.
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Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea).

Description

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This article is about the city. See also Byzantine Empire.

Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city, which, according to legend, was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named
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Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city, next to Kadıköy. It is home to about half a million people.
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Turkish (Türkçe, ] (help info )
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State Party Turkey
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv
Reference 356
Region Europe and North America

Inscription History
Inscription 1985 (9th Session)
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Motto
Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh
Peace at Home, Peace in the World
Anthem
İstiklâl Marşı
The Anthem of Independence
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Location

Coordinates Coordinates:
Time zone: EET/EEST (UTC+2/3)
Elevation (center): 4 m (0 ft)
Government
Country: Greece
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See also the related deity Satrapes.

Satrap was the name given to the governors of the provinces of ancient Median and Persian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire and in several of their heirs, such as the Sassanid Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
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Sparta (Doric: Σπάρτᾱ Spártā, Attic: Σπάρτη Spártē
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Location

Coordinates Coordinates:
Time zone: EET/EEST (UTC+2/3)
Elevation (min-max): 70 - 338 m (0 - 0 ft)
Government
Country:
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Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. The republican period began with the overthrow of the Monarchy c.
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Attalus III (in Greek Attalos III) Philometor Euergetes (ca 170 BC – 133 BC) was the last Attalid king of Pergamon, ruling from 138 BC to 133 BC.

He was the son of Eumenes II and wife Stratonike and the nephew of Attalus II, whom he succeeded.
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Pergamon(Πέργαμος)
Ancient City of Greece
(Bergama)
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2nd century BC - 1st century BC
160s BC 150s BC 140s BC - 130s BC - 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC
136 BC 135 BC 134 BC - 133 BC - 132 BC 131 BC 130 BC

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states

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Mithridates or Mithradates (in Greek, Mιθριδάτης or Mιθράδάτης) is the Hellenistic form of an Iranian theophoric name meaning "given by Mithra
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4th century · 5th century
330s 340s 350s 360s 370s 380s 390s
358 359 360 361 362 363 364
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Shortly after the death of Roman emperor Constantius II, his successor Julian the Apostate held a tribunal at the city Chalcedon, which was then a suburb of Constantinople. Salutius Secundus, who was raised to the rank of Praetorian Prefect was given the chief oversight and with him were
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Flavius Claudius Iulianus
Emperor of the Roman Empire

Flavius Claudius Iulianus, also known as Julian the Apostate, was the last pagan Roman Emperor.
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5th century · 6th century
420s 430s 440s 450s 460s 470s 480s
448 449 450 451 452 453 454
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"Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized, uncultured person, either in a general reference to a member of a nation or ethnos perceived as having an inferior level of civilization, or in an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, warlike, insensitive person
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BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
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Khosrau I or Khosrow I (Chosroes I in classical sources, most commonly known in Persian as Anushirvan, Persian: انوشيروان meaning the immortal soul), also known as Anushiravan the Just
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7th century · 8th century
580s 590s 600s 610s 620s 630s 640s
613 614 615 616 617 618 619
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7th century · 8th century
590s 600s 610s 620s 630s 640s 650s
623 624 625 626 627 628 629
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The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. The ruling class is covered under Ottoman Dynasty.
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