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Chumash (tribe)

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Rafael, a Chumash in the 1800s
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Pre-contact distribution of the Chumash


The Chumash are a Native American people who historically inhabit mainly the southern coastal regions of California, in the vicinity of what is now San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south. They also occupied three of the Channel Islands Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was unihabited. Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Lompoc, Ojai, Point Mugu, Piru, Lake Castaic, and Simi Valley.

Population

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California.) Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) thought that the 1770 population of the Chumash might have been about 10,000. Alan K. Brown concluded that the population was not over 15,000. Sherburne F. Cook (1976a, 1976b) at various times estimated the aboriginal Chumash as 8,000, 13,650, 20,400, and 18,500.

By 1900, their numbers had declined to just 200. According to some reports, there are now some 5,000 people who identify themselves as Chumash.[1]

Lifestyle

The Chumash were hunter-gatherers and were adept at fishing. They are one of the relatively few New World peoples who regularly navigated the ocean (the other was the Tongva, a neighboring tribe located to the South). Some settlements built plank boats called tomols, which facilitated the distribution of goods, and could even be used for whaling. Remains of a developed Chumash culture, including rock paintings (pictographs) apparently depicting the Chumash cosmology, can still be seen.

Artifacts

Anthropologists eagerly sought Chumash baskets as prime examples of the craft, and two of the finest collections are at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC and the Musée de l’Homme (Museum of Mankind) in Paris, France. The Museum of Natural History at Santa Barbara is believed to have the largest collection of Chumash baskets.

Languages

Several related Chumashan languages were spoken. There are no longer any living native speakers, although they are well documented in the unpublished fieldnotes of linguist John Peabody Harrington. Especially well documented are the Barbareño, Ineseño, and Ventureño dialects.

Modern times

The first modern Tomol was launched in 1976 as a result of a joint venture between Chumash descendants from The Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation and The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The Tomol was named Helek, the Chumash word for Falcon. The descendants reformed The Brotherhood of the Tomol, paddled around the Santa Barbara Channel Islands on a ten day journey, stopping on each island. The second Tomol the Elye'wun ("swordfish") was launched in 1997. On September 9, 2001 by The Chumash Maritime Association, several Chumash bands and descendants came together to paddle from the mainland to Santa Cruz Island in the Elye'wun. The Elye'wun was reported to have been circled by a pod of at least 30 dolphins during part of their voyage.

The Santa Ynez Band of Chumash run a casino on their reservation in Santa Ynez, California.

See also

Sources

References

1. ^ Native Inhabitants

External links

Population groups of Native California
Achomawi · Atsugewi · Bay Miwok · Cahuilla · Chemehuevi · Chimariko · Chumash · Coast Miwok · Cupeo · Eel River Athapaskans (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) · Esselen · Gabrielino (Tongva) · Halchidhoma · Hupa (Chilula, Whilkut) · Juaneo (Acjachemen) · Karuk · Kato · Kawaiisu · Kitanemuk · Kumeyaay (Diegueo, Ipai, Tipai) · Lake Miwok · Luiseo · Maidu · Mattole (Bear River) · Modoc (Klamath) · Mohave · Mono (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) · Nomlaki · Northern Paiute · Ohlone (Costanoan) · Patwin · Pomo · Quechan (Yuma) · Salinan · Serrano · Shasta (Konomihu, Okwanuchu) · Tataviam · Tolowa · Tubatulabal · Valley and Sierra Miwok · Wappo · Washoe · Western Shoshone · Wintu · Wiyot · Yana · Yokuts · Yuki · Yurok
American Indian and Alaska Native
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations  United States

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City of San Luis Obispo
The city of San Luis Obispo looking east from the top of Bishop Peak.

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Location in San Luis Obispo County and the state of California
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Santa Barbara, California

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City of San Buenaventura, California

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City of Los Angeles

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Morro Bay

Location in San Luis Obispo County and the state of California
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City of Malibu

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Location of Malibu in Los Angeles County, California
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The Channel Islands of California, also called the Santa Barbara Islands, are a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California along the Santa Barbara Channel in the United States of America.
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City of Malibu

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Location of Malibu in Los Angeles County, California
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Lompoc, California
Location in Santa Barbara County and the state of California
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State California
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Ojai, California
Location in Ventura County and the state of California
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Point Mugu (IPA: [mə.ˈɡuː]), California is an unincorporated area and geographical promontory on the Pacific coast in Ventura County, near the cities of Port Hueneme and Oxnard.
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Piru, California
Location in Ventura County and the state of California
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County Ventura
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Location Los Angeles County, California
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Primary sources California Aqueduct

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Simi Valley, California
Location in Ventura County and the state of California
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State California
County Ventura
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Native Californian population have varied substantially, both with respect to California's pre-contact count and for changes during subsequent periods. Pre-contact estimates range from 133,000 to 705,000 with some recent scholars concluding that these estimates are low.
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Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876–October 5, 1960) was one of the most influential figures in American anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century.

Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.
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Sherburne Friend Cook was a physiologist by training, and served as professor and chairman of the department of physiology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was also a noted pioneer in population studies of the native peoples of North America and Mesoamerica and in
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Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. By extension, the term fishing is applied to pursuing other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish, squid, octopus, turtles, frogs, and some edible marine invertebrates.
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Tongva are a Native American people who inhabited the area in and around Los Angeles, California before the arrival of Europeans. Tongva means "people of the earth" in the Tongva language, a language in the Uto-Aztecan family.
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pictogram (also spelled pictogramme) or pictograph is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration. Pictography is a form of writing whereby ideas are transmitted through drawing.
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Anthropology (from Greek: ἄνθρωπος, anthropos, "human being"; and λόγος, logos, "speech" lit. to talk about human beings) is the study of humanity.
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basket is a container which is traditionally constructed from stiff fibres, often made of willow. [1] . The top is either left open or the basket may be fitted with a lid.
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Smithsonian Institution (pronounced [smɪθ.ˈso.ni.ˌən]) is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds
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The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History is the oldest museum in Santa Barbara, California, founded in 1916. The museum is located in Mission Canyon, immediately behind the Santa Barbara Mission.
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