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Close Reading

Part of a series on
Reading
GENERAL INFORMATION
Literacy • Illiteracy
Family literacy • Functional illiteracy
Braille
TYPES
Speed reading • Skimming
Subvocalized • Proofreading
LEARNING TO READ
Reading readiness • Skill acquisition
Developmental stages • Comprehension
Dyslexia • Reading disability
READING INSTRUCTION
Reading education • Phonics
Research-based reading instruction
Whole language •
LISTS
Assessments • Publications
Topics • Treatments
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In literary criticism, close reading describes the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text. Such a reading places great emphasis on the particular over the general, paying close attention to individual words, syntax, and the order in which sentences and ideas unfold as they are read.

The technique as practiced today was pioneered (at least in English) by the New Critics of the mid-twentieth century. It is now a fundamental method of modern criticism.

Close reading is sometimes called explication de texte, which is the name for the similar tradition of textual interpretation in French literary study, a technique whose chief proponent was Gustave Lanson.

A truly attentive close reading of a two-hundred-word poem might be thousands of words long without exhausting the possibilities for observation and insight. To take an even more extreme example, Jacques Derrida's essay Ulysses Gramophone, which J. Hillis Miller describes as a "hyperbolic, extravagant… explosion" of the technique of close reading, devotes more than eighty pages to an interpretation of the word "yes" in James Joyce's great modernist novel Ulysses.

Literary close reading and commentaries have extensive precedent in the exegesis of religious texts. For example, Pazand, a genre of middle Persian literature, refers to the Zend (literally: 'commentary'/'translation') texts that offer explanation and close reading of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. The scriptural commentaries of Talmud offer a commonly cited early predecessor to close reading. In Islamic studies, the close reading of Koran has flourished hugely producing an immense corpus. But the closest religious analogy to contemporary literary close reading, and the principal historical connection with its birth, is the rise of the higher criticism, and the evolution of textual criticism of the Bible in Germany in the late eighteenth century.

See also

Slow reading

External links

Reading is an active skill-based process of constructing meaning and/or gaining knowledge from oral, visual, and written text (including Braille).

It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas.
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literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to reading and writing at a level adequate for communication, or at a level that lets one understand and communicate
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literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to reading and writing at a level adequate for communication, or at a level that lets one understand and communicate
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Functional illiteracy refers to the inability of an individual to use reading, writing, and computational skills efficiently in everyday life situations. Illiteracy is the inability to read or write simple sentences in any language.
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Braille

Unicode range U+2800 to U+28FF
ISO 15924 Brai

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The braille
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Speed reading is a collection of reading methods which attempt to increase rates of reading without greatly reducing comprehension or retention. Such methods include using various psychological techniques such as chunking and eliminating subvocalization.
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Skimming has several meanings:
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Proofreading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. Modern proofreading often requires reading copy at earlier stages as well.
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This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
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Reading comprehension can be defined as the level of understanding of a passage or text. For normal reading rates (around 200-220 words per minute) an acceptable level of comprehension is above 75%.
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Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language, particularly with reading and spelling. It is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as deficiencies in intelligence, a
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A reading disability is a condition in which a sufferer displays difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors.

Selected list of reading disabilities


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Please help [ improve this article] by expanding this section.
See talk page for details. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded. (tagged since September 2007)

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Phonics refers to an instructional design for teaching children to read. Phonics involves teaching children to connect sounds with letters or groups of letters (e.g., that the sound /k/ can be represented by c,
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Whole language describes a literacy instructional philosophy which emphasizes that children should focus on meaning and moderates skill instruction. It can be contrasted with phonics-based methods of teaching reading and writing which emphasize instruction for reading and
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Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals.
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New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism of the mid twentieth century, from the 1920s to the early 1960s. Its adherents were emphatic in their advocacy of close reading and attention to texts themselves, and their rejection of criticism based
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twentieth century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. Some historians consider the era from about 1914 to 1991 to be the Short Twentieth Century.
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Explication de Texte is a French formalist method of literary analysis that allows for limited reader response, similar to close reading in the English-speaking literary tradition.
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Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"


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Gustave Lanson (1857-1934) was a French historian and literary critic. He taught at the Sorbonne in Paris.

Lanson was a major figure in the reformation of the French university system at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as a dominant force in French literary
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Jacques Derrida (IPA: in French /ʒak dɛʁida/[1], in English /ʒæk dɛɹɪˈdɑː/
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J. Hillis Miller (born March 5, 1928) is an American literary critic who has been heavily influenced by—and who has heavily influenced—deconstruction.

Life

Joseph Hillis Miller was born in Newport News, Virginia. He is the son of J. Hillis Miller, Sr.
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James Joyce

James Joyce, ca. 1918
Born: 2 January 1884(1884--)
Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland
Died: 13 January 1941 (aged 60)
Zürich, Switzerland
Occupation: Novelist and Poet
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worldwide view of the subject.
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Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially High modernism; it should not be confused with modern literature, which is the history of the
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Ulysses

1922 first edition cover
Author James Joyce
Country  France
Language English
Genre(s) Novel
Publisher Sylvia Beach
Publication date 1922
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
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Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξηγεῖσθαι 'to lead out') involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a holy scripture, such as of the Old and New
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