This article discusses the coffee plant; for information on the beverage, see coffee.

Coffee
Coffea arabica trees in Brazil Coffea arabica trees in Brazil Mature fruit of a Coffea species Mature fruit of a Coffea species
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Coffea L.
Species
Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea dewevrei - Excelsa coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee

Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Seeds of this plant are the source of a stimulating beverage called coffee. The seeds are called "beans" in the trade. Coffee beans are widely cultivated in tropical countries in plantations for both local consumption and export to temperate countries. Coffee ranks as one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of some countries.

Botany

When grown in the tropics coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree easily grown to a height of 3–3.5 m (10–12 feet). It is capable of withstanding severe pruning. It cannot be grown where there is a winter frost. Bushes grow best at high elevations. To produce a maximum yield of coffee berries (800-1400 kg per hectare), the plants need substantial amounts of water and fertilizer. Calcium carbonate and other lime minerals are sometimes used to reduce acidity in the soil, which can occur due to run off of minerals from the soil in mountainous areas.^[1] The caffeine content in coffee "beans" is a natural defense, the toxic substance repelling many creatures that would otherwise eat the seeds, as with nicotine in tobacco leaves.

There are several species of Coffee that may be grown for the beans, but Coffea arabica is considered to have the best quality. The other species (especially Coffea canephora (var. robusta)) are grown on land unsuitable for Coffea arabica. The tree produces red or purple fruits (drupes, or "coffee berries"), which contain two seeds (the "coffee beans", although not true beans). In about 5-10% of any crop of coffee cherries, the cherry will contain only a single bean, rather than the two usually found. This is called a 'peaberry' and contains a distinctly different flavor profile to the normal crop, with a higher concentration of the flavors, especially acidity, present due to the smaller sized bean. As such, it is usually removed from the yield and either sold separately (such as in New Guinea Peaberry), or discarded.

The coffee tree will grow fruits after 3–5 years, for about 50–60 years (although up to 100 years is possible). The blossom of the coffee tree is similar to jasmine in color and smell. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen. Worldwide, an estimate of 15 billion coffee trees are growing on 100,000 km² of land.

Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Dalcera abrasa, Turnip Moth and some members of the genus Endoclita including E. damor and E. malabaricus.

Shade Grown Coffee

In its natural environment, coffea grows under the shade.[1] Most coffee is produced on full-sun plantations, some of which were prepared through deforestation.[2] Shade grown coffee naturally mulches its environment, lives twice as long as sun grown varieties, and depletes less of the soil's resources.[3] Shade grown coffee is also believed by some to be of higher quality than sun grown varieties, as the cherries produced by the coffea plants under the shade are not as large as commercial varieties.[4] Some believe that this smaller cherry concentrates the flavors of the cherry into the seed (bean) itself.[5]

Shade grown coffee is also associated with environmentally friendly ecosystems that provide a wider variety and number of migratory birds than those of sun grown coffea farms.[6]

See also

• Coffee (drink)
• Kopi Luwak
• Colombian coffee
• List of coffee companies

References

External links

• Coffee & Conservation - Many resources on sustainable coffee, including reviews, especially shade coffee and biodiversity
• Just About Coffee — General information webpage about the coffee tree subject.
• Coffea arabica by James A. Duke — detailed information about this species.
• Article about the nutritional needs of coffee plants.
• University of Hawaii spreadsheets dealing with costs of production including those of coffee growing in Hawaii.
• Farmers Bookshelf guide to coffee growing and processing in Hawaii.
• United States Department of Agriculture — Foreign Agriculture Service (Source of coffee (and other commodities) production and consumption data).

•  • [ e] Coffee

Facts about coffee: History of coffee - Economics of coffee - Coffee and health Species and varieties: List of varieties - Coffea arabica: Kenya AA, Kona, Jamaican Blue Mountain - Coffea canephora (robusta): Kopi Luwak Major chemicals in coffee: Caffeine - Cafestol Coffee bean processing: Coffee roasting - Home roasting coffee - Decaffeination Common beverage preparation: Espresso (lungo, ristretto) - Drip brew (from coffeemakers) - French press - Turkish coffee - Instant coffee - Chemex - Moka Express Popular coffee beverages: Americano/Long black - Caf au lait/Caf con leche - Cafe mocha - C ph sữa đ Cappuccino - Cortado - Greek frapp coffee - Indian filter coffee - Irish coffee - Latte/Flat white Macchiato (espresso, latte) - Iced coffee - Red eye Coffee and lifestyle: Social aspects of coffee - Coffeehouse - Caff - Caf - Caff sospeso - Coffee cupping - Coffee break/Fika