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Columbia University in the City of New York
Motto	In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (In Thy light shall we see light : a paraphrase of Psalm 36:9)
Established	1754
Type	Private
Academic term	Semester
Endowment	US $5.94 billion[1]
President	Lee Bollinger
Faculty	3,476
Students	22,712
Undergraduates	6,854
Postgraduates	15,858
Location	New York, NY , USA
Campus	Urban, 36 acres (0.15 km²) Morningside Heights Campus, 26 acres (0.1 km²) Baker Field athletic complex, 20 acres (0.09 km²) Medical Center, 157 acres (0.64 km²) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Nickname	Columbia Lions
Athletics	NCAA Division I-AA Ivy league 29 sports teams
Website	www.columbia.edu

Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Its main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The university is legally known as Columbia University in the City of New York, incorporated as The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York. The institution was established as King's College by the Church of England, receiving a royal charter in 1754 from George II of Great Britain. It was the first college established in New York, and the fifth college established in the Thirteen Colonies. After the American Revolution it was briefly chartered as a state entity from 1784-1787, however the university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees. Columbia University is home to the Pulitzer Prize, which, for over a century, has rewarded outstanding achievement in journalism, literature and music. As of 2007, Columbia has more Nobel Prize winners affiliated with it than any other university in the world, with 82, except for the University of Cambridge which has 83.^[2] It has been the birthplace of FM radio, the first American university to offer anthropology and political science as academic disciplines, the first American school to grant the M.D. degree, and where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. As the birthplace of the Manhattan Project, its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split. Literary and artistic movements as varied as the Harlem Renaissance, the Beat movement and post-colonialism all took shape within Columbia's gates in the 20th century.

The university is affiliated with Barnard College (BC), Teachers College, and the Union Theological Seminary (UTS), all located nearby in Morningside Heights. A joint undergraduate program is available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as through the Juilliard School.^[3]

Campus

Morningside Heights

Most of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts principles by acclaimed architects McKim, Mead, and White and is considered one of their best works.

Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (132,000 m²), in Morningside Heights, a neighborhood located between the Upper West Side and Harlem sections of Manhattan that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,000 apartments in Morningside Heights, which house faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights.^[4]

New buildings and structures on the campus, especially those built following the Second World War, have often only been constructed after a contentious process often involving open debate and protest over the new structures. Often the complaints raised by these protests during these periods of expansion have included issues beyond the debate over the construction of any of the architectural features which diverged from the original McKim, Mead, and White plan, and often involved complaints against the administration of the university. This was the case with Uris Hall, which sits behind Low Library, built in the 1960s, as well as the more recent Alfred Lerner Hall, a deconstructivist structure completed in 1998 and designed by Columbia's then-Dean of Architecture, Bernard Tschumi. Elements of these same issues have been reflected in the current debate over the future expansion of the campus into Manhattanville, several blocks uptown from the current campus.^[5]

Columbia's library system includes over nine million volumes.^[6] One library of note on campus is the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library which is the largest library of architecture in the United States and among, if not the largest, in the world.^[7] The library contains more than 400,000 volumes, of which most are non-circulating and must be read on site. One of the library's prominent undertakings is the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals, which is one of the foremost international resources for locating citations to architecture and related topics in periodical literature. The Avery Index covers periodicals thoroughly back to the 1930s, with limited coverage dating to the nineteenth century, up to the present day.

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio. Also listed is Pupin Hall, also a National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments, where initial experiments on the nuclear fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagenhaper, Denmark.

Other campuses

Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, twenty acres located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Columbia also owns the 26-acre Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, tennis, and growing small trains at the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood). There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York, and another, the Nevis Laboratories, in Irvington, New York.

History

Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in the state of New York. Founded and chartered as King's College in 1754, Columbia is the sixth-oldest such institution in the United States (by date of founding; fifth by date of chartering). After the American Revolutionary War, King's College was renamed Columbia College in 1784, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. Columbia has grown over time to encompass twenty schools and affiliated institutions.

King's College: 1754-1776

Discussions regarding the foundation of a college in New York began as early as 1704, but serious consideration of such proposals was not entertained until the early 1750s, when local graduates of Yale and members of the congregation of Trinity Church (then Church of England, now Episcopal) in New York City became alarmed by the establishment of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); both because it was founded by "new-light" Presbyterians influenced by the evangelical Great Awakening and, as it was located in the province just across the Hudson River, because it provoked fears of New York developing a cultural and intellectual inferiority. They established their own "rival" institution, King's College, and elected as its first president Samuel Johnson. Classes began on July 17, 1754 in Trinity Church yard, with Johnson as the sole faculty member. A few months later, on October 31, 1754, Great Britain's King George II officially granted a royal charter for the college. In 1760, King's College moved to its own building at Park Place, near the present City Hall, and in 1767 it established the first American medical school to grant the M.D. degree.

Controversy surrounded the founding of the new college in New York, as it was a thoroughly Church of England institution dominated by the influence of Crown officials, such as the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Crown Secretary for Plantations and Colonies, in its governing body. Fears of the establishment of a Church of England episcopacy and of Crown influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its vast wealth, far surpassing all other colonial colleges of the period.^[8]

The American Revolution and the subsequent war were catastrophic for King's College. It suspended instruction in 1776, and remained so for eight years, beginning with the arrival of the Continental Army in the spring of that year and continuing with the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces. Additionally, many of the college's alumni, primarily Loyalists, fled to Canada or Great Britain in the war's aftermath, leaving its future governance and financial status in question.

Although the college had been considered a bastion of Tory sentiment, it nevertheless managed to produce many key leaders of the Revolutionary generation - individuals later instrumental in the college's revival. Among the early King's College students had been John Jay, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary War, and who later became the first Chief Justice of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, military aide to General George Washington, author of most of the Federalist Papers, and the first Secretary of the Treasury; Gouverneur Morris, the author of the final draft of the United States Constitution; and Robert R. Livingston, a member of the five-man committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. . Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of other students from King's he joined a volunteer militia company called the "Hearts of Oak" – Hamilton achieving the rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby St. Paul's Chapel. In August 1775, while under fire from the HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak (a.k.a. the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from the Battery, becoming an artillery unit thereafter. Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in and survive the Battle of Harlem Heights, which took place on and around the site that would later become home to his Alma Mater over a century later, only to be eventually entombed on the site of the first home for King's College in the Trinity Chruch yard after his dueling death.

Early Columbia College: 1784-1857

Although the college had been discredited by its association with the Loyalist establishment prior to the war, the remaining alumni, including Hamilton and Jay, and especially the would-be governors of King's College, argued passionately for its reopening. Nevertheless, it was probably ultimately the fact that New York State governor George Clinton was forced to send his nephew DeWitt out of state for a college education (specifically, to the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University) that prompted local sentiment to favor the need of a local college to retain him, and a renewed King's, which could easily provide the necessary facilities, was the logical choice. In 1784, the school reopened as Columbia College, the romantically patriotic name meant to demonstrate its commitment to the new republic.

The nature of the reopening, however, made possible via the encouragements of Governor Clinton and the state legislature, ensured that Columbia College would be an institution as distinct as much in kind as in name. The new charter made no mention of the college's former Church of England affiliations. Its governance was to be handled by a board of Regents representing all the counties of New York State, with Governor Clinton as Chancellor. As a state asset under state control, Columbia was to become the basis for a statewide public education system.

As the state proved negligent in its funding of the institution, this arrangement became increasingly unsatisfactory for both. An expansion of the Regents to 20 New York City residents had placed Hamilton and Jay at the helm, and they, along with New York City mayor James Duane, argued for privatization of the college. In 1787 a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of Trustees. Samuel Johnson's son, William Samuel Johnson, became its president.

For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. George Washington, notably, attended the commencement of 1790, and nascent interest in legal education commenced under Professor James Kent. As the state and country transitioned to a considerably more Jeffersonian era, however, the college's good fortunes began to dry up. The primary difficulty was funding; the college, already receiving less from the state following its privatization, was beset with even more financial difficulties as hostile politicians took power and as new upstate colleges, particularly Hamilton and Union, lobbied effectively for subsidies. What Columbia did receive was Manhattan real estate, which would only later prove lucrative.

Columbia's performance flagged for the remainder of the 19th century's first half. The law faculty never managed to thrive during this period, and in 1807 the medical school, hoping to arrest its decline, broke off to merge with the independent College of Physicians and Surgeons. Contention between students and faculty were highlighted by the "Riotous Commencement" of 1811, in which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a degree upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech. Though the college was finally able to shake its embarrassing reputation for structural shabbiness by adding several wings to College Hall and refinishing it in the more fashionable Greek Revival style, the effort failed to halt Columbia's long-term downturn, and was soon overshadowed by the Gibbs Affair of 1854, in which famed chemistry professor Oliver Wolcott Gibbs was denied a professorship at the college, from which he had graduated, due to his Unitarian affiliation. The event demonstrated to many, including frustrated diarist and trustee George Templeton Strong, the narrow-mindedness of the institution. By July, 1854 the Christian Examiner of Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", noted that the school was "good in classics" yet "weak in sciences", and had "very few distinguished graduates".^[9]

Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue

In 1857, the College moved from Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next fifty years. The transition to the new campus coincided with a new outlook for the college; during the commencement of that year, College President Charles King proclaimed Columbia "a university". During the last half of the nineteenth century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a true modern university. Columbia Law School was founded in 1858, and in 1864 the School of Mines, the country's first such institution and the precursor to today's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, was established. Barnard College for women, established by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons came under the aegis of the University in 1891, followed by Teachers College, Columbia University in 1893. The Graduate Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875.^[9][10] This period also witnessed the inauguration of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate sports, with the creation of the baseball team in 1867, the organization to the football team in 1870, and the creation of a crew team by 1873. The first intercollegiate Columbia football game was a 6-3 loss to Rutgers. The Columbia Daily Spectator began publication during this period as well, in 1877.^[11]

Morningside Heights

In 1896, the trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia University, and today the institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of New York." Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry." At the same time, University president Seth Low moved the campus again, from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights. The site was formerly occupied by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. One of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Hall and Buell Hall), is still standing today.

The building often depicted as emblematic of Columbia is the centerpiece of the Morningside Heights campus, Low Memorial Library. Constructed in 1895, the building is still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned as a library since 1934. It currently houses the offices of the President and Provost, the Visitor's Center, the Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. In addition, the Columbiana Archives are located in the building. Patterned on several precursors, including the Parthenon and the Pantheon, it is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.^[12]



Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. On the Morningside Heights campus, Columbia centralized on a single campus the College, the School of Law, the Graduate Faculties, the School of Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to serve as president of Columbia for over four decades and became a giant in American public life (as one-time vice presidential candidate and a Nobel Laureate). His introduction of "downtown" business practices in university administration led to innovations in internal reforms such as the centralization of academic affairs, the direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as the formation of a professionalized university bureaucracy, unprecedented among American universities at the time.



In 1893 the Columbia University Press was founded in order to "promote the study of economic, historical, literary, scientific and other subjects; and to promote and encourage the publication of literary works embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are The Columbia Encyclopedia, first published in 1935, and The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, first published in 1952.

In 1902, New York newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer donated a substantial sum to the University for the founding of a school to teach journalism. The result was the 1912 opening of the Graduate School of Journalism — the only journalism school in the Ivy League. The school is the administrator of the Pulitzer Prize and the duPont-Columbia Award in broadcast journalism.

In 1904 Columbia organized adult education classes into a formal program called Extension Teaching (later renamed University Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching eventually give rise to the Columbia Writing Program, the Columbia Business School, and the School of Dentistry and Oral Surgery.

Columbia Business School was added in the early 20th century. During the first half of the 20th Century Columbia and Harvard had the largest endowments in the US.

By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of Jacques Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Van Doren, Lionel Trilling, and I. I. Rabi. The University's graduates during this time were equally accomplished — for example, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, Charles Evans Hughes and Harlan Fiske Stone (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively as Chief Justices of the United States. Dwight Eisenhower served as Columbia's president from 1948 until he became the President of the United States in 1953, although he spent the majority of his University presidency on leave as Supreme Commander of NATO forces in Europe.



Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project.

Following the end of World War II the School of International Affairs was founded in 1946. Focusing on developing diplomats and foreign affairs specialists the school began by offering the Master of International Affairs. To satisfy an increasing desire for skilled public service professionals at home and abroad, the School added the Master of Public Administration degree in 1977. In 1981 the School was renamed the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). The School introduced an MPA in Environmental Science and Policy in 2001 and, in 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program — the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Sustainable Development.

In 1947, to meet the needs of GIs returning from World War II, University Extension was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the Columbia University School of General Studies. While University Extension had granted the B.S. degree since 1921, the School of General Studies first granted the B.A. degree in 1968.

Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, an all female institution affiliated with the University, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia and Barnard.

In 1990 the Faculty of Arts & Sciences was created, unifying the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of International and Public Affairs.

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering School was renamed the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, in honor of Chinese businessman Z. Y. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. The school is now referred to as "SEAS" or simply, "the engineering school."

As of April 2007, the university had purchased more than two-thirds of 17 acres desired for a new campus in Manhattanville, to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus would house buildings for Columbia's schools of business and the arts and allow the construction of the Jerome L. Greene Science Center where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.^[13] The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments.

The project has suffered from criticism of a lack of transparency and concern for community needs. According to the Environmental Impact Statement recently certified by the Department of City Planning, almost 300 people would be displaced from the project zone, and almost 3,300 would be displaced from areas surrounding it. Community activist groups in West Harlem have committed to fighting the expansion. ^[14]

On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire John Kluge^[15] to be used exclusively for financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death.

Academics

Admissions and Financial Aid

Columbia University is home to some very selective undergraduate schools. Columbia College admitted 9.1% of applicants for the Class of 2011, one of the lowest rates in the country^[16]. The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences admitted 18.6%, a record for the School<ref name="stat" />. Columbia College ultimately admitted an additional 29 students from the waiting list, while the Engineering school admitted 16 students<ref name="stat" />.

Columbia is also a diverse school , with approximately 49% of all students identifying themselves as people of color. Additionally, over 50% of all undergraduates in the Class of 2011 will be receiving financial aid. The average financial aid package for these students exceeds $27,000, with an average grant size of over $20,000.

Organization and Rankings

Organization

Its undergraduate schools are: Columbia College (CC), the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), and, for students who want to begin or resume their education after one or more years of interruption, the School of General Studies (GS). Also affiliated with Columbia is Barnard College, an all women's institution. The university has numerous graduate schools, the most notable of which include the Columbia Law School, the Graduate School of Business (Columbia Business School or CBS), the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia's medical school), Columbia University School of Nursing, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia College of Dental Medicine, the Graduate School of Journalism (J-School or CJS), the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS), the Columbia University School of the Arts (SoA), Columbia University School of Social Work, and Teachers College (the Graduate School of Education of Columbia University). Some graduate students also attend the engineering school. Columbia University's School of Continuing Education offers classes for non-matriculated elective course students, Master of Science Degrees, Postbaccalaureate Certificates, English Language Programs, Overseas Programs, Summer Session, and High School Programs.

Rankings

The undergraduate school of Columbia University is ranked 9th (tied with The University of Chicago) among national universities by U.S. News and World Report (USNWR),^[17] 7th among world universities and 6th among universities in the Americas by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,^[18] According to the National Research Council, graduate programs are ranked 8th nationally.12th among world universities and 9th in North America by the THES - QS World University Rankings,^[19][20] 36th among national universities by The Washington Monthly,^[21] 10th among "global universities" by Newsweek,^[22] and in the 1st tier among national universities by The Center for Measuring University Performance.^[23]

Columbia also participates in the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU)'s University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN).

Graduate and professional schools of Columbia University are among the best in the US with most of them ranking among the top 10 programs in the country. According to the U.S. News & World Report,^[24]The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, home to the Pulitzer Prize, ranks #1. Teachers College (Columbia's Graduate School of Education) ranks #1. School of Social Work ranks #3. Columbia Law School ranks #5. The Mailman School of Public Health ranks #6. Columbia Business School ranks #9 (#2 according to The Financial Times; #6 according to Fortune Magazine). Columbia's medical school, called the College of Physicians and Surgeons, ranks #10. According to Foreign Policy magazine, the School of International & Public Affairs (SIPA) PhD program (overall) in international relations is ranked #2, and the Master`s program (policy area) is ranked #5. ^[25] Other prestigious graduate schools at Columbia include Dental Medicine.

Academic Freedom

The University states that it "is committed to maintaining a climate of academic freedom," in which professors are given the "widest possible latitude in their teaching and scholarship."^[26] It's policy on academic freedom prohibits the penalization by the University of a professor for expressions of opinion or associations in their private or civic capacity. ^[27]

In 2005, the University became embroiled in a controversy regarding the academic freedom of students in connection with their studies in the department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures ("MEALAC"). The students charged that MEALAC faculty showed an anti-Israel bias, with one student who was formerly with the Israeli Defense Forces charging that a professor, Joseph Massad, refused to answer his question until he "revealed how many Palestinians he had killed."^[28] The professor denied that the incident took place.^[28] A group called "The David Project"^[30] produced a documentary entitled Columbia Unbecoming in which the charges were made.^[28] In response, President Bollinger convened an ad hoc panel to investigate the incidents described in the film and established a standing panel and grievance procedure for future claims of student intimidation.^[28]

Life

The Geography of Student Life

Alma Mater

Main article: Alma Mater (sculpture)

This name refers to a statue on the steps (see below) of Low Memorial Library by sculptor Daniel Chester French. There is a small owl "hidden" on the sculpture. Alma Mater is also the subject of many Columbia legends. The main legends include that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Barnard student who finds it will marry a Columbia man, seeing as how Barnard is an all-girls school.

Butler Library

Main article: Butler Library

The main library, packed during midterms and finals weeks, is composed of three main parts: the stacks, the study rooms, and the cafe. Students are known to leave their belongings as a placeholder for days on end, a few only leaving the library to sleep a few hours while others come and go as they please. During finals, to get a spot at Butler, students wake up early in the morning and compete with others for a seat. Some students are reported to have gone so far as to set up offices in disused sections of the library on the ninth floor. Butler houses two million of the university's 9.2 million volumes,^[33] mostly in the humanities. Unlike the libraries of most other schools,{cn} Butler remains at least partially open 24 hours a day and acts as a center of late night studying. Butler also houses Columbia University's Rare Books and Manuscripts Library.

Residence halls

First-year students usually live in one of the residence halls situated around South Lawn: Hartley, Wallach, John Jay, Furnald or Carman. Upperclass students may also live in Hartley and Wallach, which are collectively part of the Living and Learning Center (LLC), through a highly selective application process. Other upperclassmen participate in a housing lottery. Rising sophomores may also live in Furnald Hall, depending on the lottery results. The other upperclassmen students can choose, depending on their luck, among Broadway, East Campus, 47 Claremont, Hogan, McBain Hall, River Hall, Ruggles Hall, Schapiro, 600 W 113th, Watt Hall, Wien Hall, and Woodbridge Hall. Most students consider a townhouse in East Campus the best suite style housing option, which includes two-story suites for six students including a kitchen, common lounge, large single rooms, and a quiet location. A four or five person suite in Hogan, in which each person lives in a single and the suite shares a full kitchen, bathroom and living room, is also considered excellent housing, as its location is near many restaurants on Broadway and much closer to the subway than East Campus. Very lucky seniors with the best lottery numbers can get their own studio apartment in Watt.

The Steps

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area and hangout for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace, atop which sits Low Memorial Library, as well as adjacent areas, including Low Plaza and small nearby lawns. On warm days, particularly in the spring, the steps become crowded with students conversing, reading, or sunbathing. Occasionally, they play host to film screenings and concerts. The King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe annually performs an outdoor play by "the Bard", in which the Steps frequently play a prominent role. The design of the steps are modeled after the architecture in Raphael's "The School of Athens," a fresco in the Vatican.

Sundial

This elevated stone pedestal at the center of the main campus quadrangle now serves as a podest for various speeches. Originally there was a large granite sphere located upon the pedestal, which would mark the time via its shadow. It sat upon the pedestal from approximately 1914 to 1946. It was removed in that year due to cracks that formed within it. The ball was assumed destroyed for 55 years until it was discovered intact in a Michigan field in 2001. As of 2006, it seems unlikely that the sundial will ever be restored back to a working state.^[34]

Tunnels

Main article: Columbia University tunnels

Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system dating back more than a century, with the oldest portions existing even before the present campus was constructed. Some of these tunnels are open to students today, while others have been closed off to the public.

Online

In recent years, new outlets for Columbia student life have opened online. Some, such as the Bwog,^[35] the blog of the undergraduate magazine The Blue and White and a medium for campus gossip, and the professor ratings site CULPA^[36] (the Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability), have flourished. CULPA, established in 1997 and unaffiliated officially with the university, allows students to anonymously post their own reviews of their professors. It is regarded as one of the most useful tools for students looking to enroll in a class, boasting over 10,000 reviews. Because of the candid nature of the submissions, the site has occasionally been accused of harboring biased reviews and misrepresenting professors. Still, it is the main source of professor review currently available to the Columbia student body.

Students have launched a number of other, sometimes pioneering, websites. CU Community was a popular online networking website created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06) containing 85% of the undergraduate student body, that later rebranded itself CampusNetwork and launched across several universities, before succumbing to its long-time competitor, Facebook. The Columbia Daily Spectator launched a blog called SpecBlogs,^[37] but this has also since been shut down. Other ventures have been more successful. Carsplit, also created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06), launched in 2005 as a way for students to split the cost of taking a taxi to the airport. Usage peaks during winter break where, last year, over 1,000 students used the service. CU Snacks, authored by Brandon Arbiter (SEAS ´06) was one of the first online, late night snack delivery services. It started from Wien Residence Hall in 2004 and, although it remains completely student-run, it is now part of the experiential education program of Columbia's Center for Career Education. A more recent launch was WikiCU,^[38], created by the Engineering Student Council, which serves as an information resource and insider's guide to the university and neighborhood. It is the manifestation of a long-time project to start a wiki, called Project Athena.

Clubs and Activities

Publications

Major publications include the Columbia Daily Spectator, the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;^[39] the Columbia Current,^[40] a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; The Columbian, the second oldest collegiate yearbook in the nation; Columbia Review,^[41] the nation's oldest college literary magazine; The Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;^[42] The Columbia Observer; the Columbia Science Review, the Columbia Political Review,^[43] the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; The Fed^[44] a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper; Jester of Columbia,^[45] the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine; The Blue and White,^[46] a literary magazine established in 1890 that has recently begun to foray into in-depth pieces on campus life and politics; and the Journal of Politics & Society,^[47] a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published by the Helvidius Group. Columbia also has an online arts and literary web magazine, The Mobius Strip.^[48] AdHoc,^[49] denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine; it deals largely with local political issues and arts events. Another group of undergraduates started The Current,^[50] a journal of politics, culture, and Jewish affairs. The Birch,^[51] Columbia's undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture, is the first national student-run undergraduate journal of its kind. Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology^[52] and The Journal of Philosophy.^[53] The Science Review is the University's only science magazine that prints hard copies, it prints general interest articles, faculty profiles and student research papers

Broadcasting

Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate student broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV.

WKCR, the student run radio station broadcasts to the Tri-State area and claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the University's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station currently has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.

Columbia Television (CTV)^[54] is the nation's second oldest student television station and home of CTV News,^[55] a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students. CTV transmits a cablecast and webcast from its studio in Alfred Lerner Hall.

Speech and debate

The Philolexian Society is a literary debating club founded in 1802, making it one of the oldest such groups in the nation, as well as the oldest student group at Columbia. It has many famous alumni, and administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest (see below).

The Columbia University Mock Trial Program^[56] was founded in 1998. It fields four teams that compete in tournaments across the country under the umbrella American Mock Trial Association (AMTA).^[57] In recent years the Columbia Mock Trial Program has won tournaments at Northwestern University, George Washington University, Yale University, UCLA, as well as three Northeast Regional Titles. The Columbia program is one of the best in the country, ranked in the Top-Ten since 2003 and peaking at the Number 2 ranking in 2004. In 2005-2006, Columbia Mock Trial had one team finish 5th Place at the National Tournament in St. Petersburg, FL and one team finish 6th Place at the National Championship Tournament in Des Moines, Iowa. Every year Columbia hosts the Columbia University Big Apple Invitational Tournament (CUBAIT), one of the best invitational tournaments in the nation. CUBAIT annually attracts many of the top twenty teams in the nation.

The Columbia Model United Nations holds several functions. Its traveling team competes in conferences both domestically and internationally and is considered one of the top Model United Nations teams in the country. It also holds the Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition (CMUNCE),^[58] an annual high school international affairs conference, founded in 2001 by Erica DeBruin. The conference is known for its crisis-oriented committees and the comparatively small committee size. Columbia Model United Nations in New York (CMUNNY]),^[59] is a small crisis-oriented Model United Nations conference for college students that prides itself in non-conventional committees. It was founded in 2006 by David Coates.

The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team,^[60] competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.

Greek life

Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10-15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.^[61] There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1842 of the Lambda Chapter of Psi Upsilon. Today, there are thirteen NIC fraternities on the campus. The Prominent fraternities at Columbia include:

• Pi Kappa Alpha
• Sigma Chi
• Beta Theta Pi
• Delta Sigma Phi
• Psi Upsilon
• Phi Gamma Delta
• Sigma Nu
• Phi Iota Alpha
• Zeta Beta Tau
• Alpha Epsilon Pi
• Sigma Phi Epsilon
• Zeta Psi
• Kappa Delta Rho
• Sigma Lambda Beta

In addition, there are four NPC sororities on campus:

• Kappa Alpha Theta
• Delta Gamma
• Sigma Delta Tau
• Alpha Chi Omega

There are also various multicultural Greek organizations, including:

• Alpha Delta Phi, a co-educational literary society

Other

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including a business plan competition and a series of seminars. Recent seminar speakers include Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and Chairman of HDNet, and Blake Ross, creator of Mozilla Firefox. As of 2006, CORE has awarded graduate and undergraduate students with over $100,000 in seed capital. Events are possible through the contributions of various private and corporate groups; previous sponsors include Deloitte & Touche, Citigroup, and i-Compass. There are currently over 2,000 members in CORE. The organization is governed by its executive board, which is comprised of fifteen undergraduates.

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States.[1]

Columbia Community Outreach (CCO) is a student organized, student run service day that promotes community service on campus. Founded in 1997, CCO is a community service initiative that seeks to bring together the Columbia University community, raise awareness of opportunities for long-term service and to form mutually beneficial relationships with Columbia's neighboring communities. Every year over 1,000 students, faculty, staff and alumni volunteer for a day alongside community members and non-profit organizations, such as the New York City Parks Department and Habitat for Humanity. [2]

Art History Underground, the student club for arts organizes yearly events such as roundtables, panels and discussions. The first traditional "What is Art History?" roundtable is going to take place in October, 2006 with the support of the Art History Department. The club also has a biannual journal with the same name, whose first issue is going to be printed in late Fall, 2006.

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1966 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson.[3]

Conversio Virium is the college's student-run BDSM education and discussion group, providing Columbia students with a safe, confidential space to discuss BDSM activities and interests. It is the oldest still-running University group of its kind, recently celebrating its ten-year anniversary.[4]

Columbia's Bhangra team "cuBhangra" is one of the most energetic and entertaining college, co-ed bhangra teams in the nation. Established in 2002, it has already secured placings at various bhangra competitions in the states and enjoys performing around New York City and in various on-campus performances.

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005-06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".

There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia, including Fruit Paunch, Columbia's renowned improv comedy group.

The Columbia University Muslim Students Association is one of the oldest and most active Muslim Students Associations in the country.

The largest undergraduate club on campus is the Columbia University College Democrats, who won College Democrats of America's Chapter of the Year award for the 2006-2007 school year.

Athletics

Main article: Columbia Lions

While the Columbia Lions may be best known for a dismal recent history on the football field — as epitomized by the 44-game losing streak from 1983 to 1988, then a Division I-AA record — the Lions boast a rich athletic tradition. The wrestling team is the oldest in the nation, and the football team was the third to join intercollegiate play. A Columbia crew was the first from outside Britain to win at the Henley Royal Regatta. Former students include baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins and football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman.

More recently, Columbia has excelled at archery, cross country, fencing and wrestling. In 2000, Olympic gold medal swimmer Cristina Teuscher became the first Ivy League student to win the Honda-Broderick Cup, awarded to the best collegiate woman athlete in the nation. Other illustrious recent Lions include Pro Bowl defensive end Marcellus Wiley, whose success in the NFL is credited with drawing the attention of professional scouts back to the Ancient Eight.



Columbia became the third school in the United States to play intercollegiate football when it sent a squad to New Brunswick, N.J., in 1870 to play a team from Rutgers. Three years later, Columbia students joined representatives from Princeton, Rutgers and Yale to ratify the first set of rules to govern intercollegiate play.

During the first half of the 20th century, the Lions enjoyed consistent success on the gridiron. Under Hall of Fame coach Lou Little, the 1934 squad shut out heavily favored Stanford in the Rose Bowl winning what was the precursor to the national championship. Little’s 1947 edition beat defending national champion Army, then riding a 32-game win streak, in one of the most stunning upsets of the century. Greats of the era included the All-American Luckman, the quarterback who would lead the Chicago Bears to four NFL championships in the 1940s while ushering football into the modern era with the T formation.

Since sharing their only Ivy League title with Harvard in 1961, the football Lions have enjoyed just three winning seasons (6-3 in 1971, 5-4-1 in 1994 and 8-2 in 1996). The distance of practice facilities at Baker Athletics Complex from the main campus at Morningside Heights, competition for the attention of the student body with all the diversions that Manhattan has to offer, and the lack of a winning tradition sometimes are cited as challenges to recruiting at Columbia. Norries Wilson, a runner-up for national assistant coach of the year while at the University of Connecticut in 2004, is the latest head coach brought in to try to turn the program around. The vastly improved 2006 squad notched a 5-5 campaign (the program's first .500-or-better season in 10 years), with two victories to close out the year against Cornell and Brown. Wilson, along with his staff, have restored pride in the Columbia Football program and, by all indications, have the proverbial ship pointed in the right direction.

A bright spot in recent Columbia football history has been the Liberty Cup. Dedicated in 2002, the annual competition with crosstown rival Fordham University has proved popular among students at both schools, the only Division I-AA programs in New York. Columbia leads the series, 3-2.

The baseball team boasts involvement in the first-ever televised sporting event. On May 17, 1939 fledgling NBC filmed the doubleheader of the Columbia Lions vs. Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field.^[62] The team was involved in the highest-scoring baseball game ever on June 8, 1869, losing to Niagara 209-10.^[63]

In basketball, perhaps the greatest player to wear Columbia Blue was All-American Chet Forte, the 1957 national college player of the year. George Gregory, Jr. became the first African-American All-American in 1931. The 1968 Ivy League championship team included future NBA All-Star Jim McMillian.

A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Lawrence A. Wien Stadium at Baker Field, featured by Sports Illustrated as one of the most beautiful places in America to watch a football game. One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.

The university's athletics program has attempted to grow since Dr. M. Dianne Murphy became the school's sixth Director of Athletics in November 2004. With a renewed commitment to success across the board, many sports within the athletics program appear primed to move to the top of the Ivy League. Murphy's early initiatives have included a strict attention to branding, a concept long-ignored at Columbia. In addition, despite a clear need for Title IX compliance and space limitations, many of the school's club team athletes are unhappy with an Ivy League program lacking a varsity men's lacrosse team (the only Ivy league school without one due to high percentage of female students, resulting from Barnard consortium and NCAA participation guidelines) and other teams such as varsity men's and women's hockey, which lack facilities, as well as squash.

The Columbia mascot is a lion named Roar-ee. At football games, the Columbia University Marching Band plays "Roar, Lion, Roar" each time the team scores and "Who Owns New York?" with each first down. At halftime, alumni stand and sing the alma mater, "Sans Souci."

Controversies and student demonstrations

Nazi Germany

In 1933 the German Ambassador to the United States, Hans Luther, was the featured speaker at the Institute of Arts and Sciences at the Columbia University. When he started to speak a woman in the audience asked him about the burning of the homes of exiled professors. She and two other protesters were forcibly removed by security. Hans Luther's speech stressed Hitler's "peaceful intentions" toward his European neighbors. Afterward, Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia's president, held a reception in his honor. The head of the institute, Russell Potter, called the protestors "ill-mannered children"^[64]. Protestors handing out leaflets protesting against Nazi Germany were arrested.^[64][65]

Protests of 1968

Main article: Columbia University protests of 1968

Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two major issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring Harlem. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon's weapons research think-tank, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.^[66]

Protests of Racism and Apartheid

Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa. A variety of more recent protests, most notably those of Spring 2004 and Spring 2006, have primarily concerned perceived racism on campus.

Antiwar Protests

In addition to the 1968 protests (see above), tangentially related to the Vietnam War, students and faculty have protested U.S. involvement in various other conflicts. Most recently and controversially, at a faculty sit-in protest of the Iraq War, Professor Nicholas de Genova praised "fragging" (soldiers murdering fellow soldiers) and called for U.S. troops to experience "a million Mogadishus", a reference to the casualties U.S. troops suffered in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993. The U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University, a Columbia University student-veterans group, issued this letter in response to Professor De Genova's remarks.

Minuteman Protest

On October 4, 2006, a group of left wing students disrupted a speech by Jim Gilchrist, the founder of the Minuteman Project, a group that patrols the border between the United States and Mexico, invited to campus by the Columbia College Republicans. The students took the stage and unfurled a banner that stated, in Spanish, English, and Arabic, "No human being is illegal", a criticism of the Minuteman Project's attitude toward illegal immigrants. Gilchrist and Marvin Stewart, another Minuteman member, were escorted away after the protesters stormed onstage. The protesters were initially widely accused of violence based on statements from Gilchrist and Stewart. The students' actions were condemned as violations of the Minuteman Project's right to free speech by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, University President Lee Bollinger, and media figures from across the country..

The University responded with disciplinary action, charging eight students with violating University rules. ^[67]

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy

On September 24, 2007, Columbia and its School of International and Public Affairs invited Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to speak on campus as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.^[68] The invitation was criticized by some, applauded by others.^[69]

In his introductory speech, University President Lee Bollinger called Ahmadinejad, a "petty and cruel dictator" and asked him questions about previous remarks concerning the holocaust and his record on human rights.^[70] Ahmadinejad responded to Bollinger's remarks by saying:

"In Iran, tradition requires when you invite a person to be a speaker, we actually respect our students enough to allow them to make their own judgment, and don't think it's necessary before the speech is even given to come in with a series of complaints to provide vaccination to the students and faculty."

During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized Israel's aggression towards the Palestinians and called for research on the historical accuracy of holocaust questioning the imprisonment of various European scholars and researchers who dared question the holocaust. He also expressed his sympathy for the families of the victims of 9/11 attacks, raising questions as to who initiated the attacks. Ahmadinejad expressed the ideas of self-determination behind Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the United Nation's policy of sanctions on his country, and also criticizing U.S. policy in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran and that homosexuality does not exist in Iran^[71].

Traditions

See also Columbia traditions

First Year Run

During orientation week before their first classes, freshmen get the rare opportunity to exit Lerner Hall through its back doors, turn right and enter campus again through the main gates to officially become Columbia students.^[72] This tradition was started by Dina Epstein, Columbia College class of 2001, who was the Coordinator of NSOP (New Student Orientation Program) in 2000.

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Annual Bad Poetry Contest

The Philolexian Society hosts this open-to-the-public event in honor of Alfred Joyce Kilmer (Class of 1908), vice president of the society and the author of "Trees." Contestants get up and read their wittiest and worst original poetry, hoping for cheers and a shot at winning the title of Poet Laureate.^[73][74]

Naked run

Each year in October, students join in on a run while singing the Columbia fight song, Roar, Lion, Roar beginning on the steps of Low Library, around the lawns, past Butler Library, and finally, finishing on the steps of Low Memorial Library, naked, surrounded by a crowd.^[75] In the past three years, reduced interest in the run has led to a reduction in its notoriety on campus.

Take Back The Night

Take Back the Night is an annual anti-violence march in and around Columbia's campus and Morningside Heights, which traditionally draws between 1,000 and 2,000 students, activists, and neighbors. The march occurs at the end of April (Sexual Assault Awareness Month), and is followed by the "Speak Out", on Barnard's Campus in which survivors of sexual violence anonymously share their stories. The march and speak-out is coordinated by the student-group Take Back the Night, which is composed of a combination of BC, SEAS, CC, GS, and the graduate schools.^[76]

Orgo Night

On the day before the Organic Chemistry exam—which is often on the first day of finals—at precisely the stroke of midnight, the Columbia University Marching Band occupies Butler Library to distract diligent students from studying. After a half-hour of campus-interest jokes, the procession then moves out to the lawn in front of Hartley, Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the residents there. The band then plays at various other locations around Morningside Heights, including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College, where students of the all-women's school, in mock-consternation, rain trash - including notes and course packets - and water balloons upon them from their dormitories above. The band tends to close their Orgo Night performances before Furnald Hall, known among students as the more studious and reportedly "anti-social" residence hall, where the underclassmen in the marching band serenade the seniors with an entertaining, though vulgar, mock-hymn to Columbia, composed of quips that poke fun at the various stereotypes about the Columbia student body.

Primal Scream

On the Sunday of finals week each semester, students open their windows at midnight and scream as loudly as possible. The tradition helps students release their pent up stress and anxiety about exams.

In 2007, the Primal Scream also incorporated many students running out to the middle of campus to have a large group pillow fight.

40s on 40

With forty days remaining until graduation, seniors drink 40oz malt liquor on the steps of Low Library to celebrate their impending graduation. Regarded as a rite of passage, the event usually leaves debris on the steps and gives passing tour groups a unique impression of the school as evidenced here. In 2007, the administration attempted to make the tradition a carefully regulated event, perhaps due to incidents and complaints from previous years.

Tree-Lighting and Yule Log Ceremonies

The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony is a relatively new tradition at Columbia, inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by various a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The ceremony dates to a period prior to the Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by University President Nicholas Murray Butler in the early 20th century. A troop of students dressed in Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols.^[77] The ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore (Columbia College class of 1798) and Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church (Class of 1859).

The Varsity Show

Main article: The Varsity Show

An annual musical written by and for students, this is one of Columbia's oldest and finest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, and Herman Wouk. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.^[78]

Alpha Delta Phi's Hot Jazz

Near the end of each semester, the Alpha Delta Phi Society hosts Hot Jazz. The invitation-only event features live jazz and free champagne, and is widely regarded as one of the top parties at Columbia.^[79][80] Hot Jazz has been held in the ADP brownstone on 114th street for over twenty years. Recently, the future of Hot Jazz became uncertain after the administration cancelled the event in Spring 2007.^[81]

Inventions, discoveries and patents

Columbia is home to numerous scientific and technological breakthroughs. It was the first North American site where the Uranium atom was split. It was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser.^[82] The MPEG-2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labelling cells in intact organisms^[83]. Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidifcation (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), System Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (a software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, Beamprop (used in photonics), among others.^[84]

Some of the greatest contributions by Columbia scientists have been in the health sciences field, including about 175 new inventions each year^[85]. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia are on the market today. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), Zolinza (for cancer therapy)^[86].

Columbia ranks among the top U.S. schools in revenues earned from patents and license agreements on its inventions and discoveries. Its Science and Technology Ventures currently manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements^[87]. Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university^[88]. In 2004, Columbia made $178 million (compared to $24 million made by Harvard)^[89].

Awards and honors

As of October 2006, 76^[90]Columbia University affiliates have been honored with Nobel Prizes for their work in physics^[91], chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. In the last 10 years(1996-2006) 15 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes,of which 8 are current faculty members.(Economics-6,Physiology/Medicine-4,Physics-2,Chemistry-2,Literature-1)

Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years(1996-2006):^[92]

Faculty	Affiliation at Columbia	Nobel Prize
1.Orhan Pamuk	Dept.of Middle East Languages & Cultures	Literature, 2006
2.Edmund Phelps	Dept. of Economics	Economics, 2006
3.Richard Axel	Center for Neurobiology & Behavior,A.B.1967	Physiology/Medicine, 2004
4.Joseph Stiglitz	Dept. of Economics	Economics, 2001
5.Eric Kandel	Center for Neurobiology & Behavior	Physiology/Medicine, 2000
6.Robert Mundell	Dept. of Economics	Economics, 1999
7.Horst Stormer	Dept. of Physics	Physics, 1998
8.William Vickrey	Dept. of Economics,M.A.1937,PhD1948	Economics, 1996

Columbia affiliates awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years(1996-2006):^[92]

Name	Affiliation at Columbia	Nobel Prize
9.John Mather	Goddard Institute for Space Studies	Physics, 2006
10.Robert Grubbs	PhD 1968	Chemistry, 2005
11.Linda Buck	Research Scientist 1980-91	Physiology/Medicine, 2004
12.William Knowles	PhD 1942	Chemistry, 2001
13.James Heckman	Faculty 1970-74	Economics, 2000
14.Louis Ignarro	B.S. 1962	Physiology/Medicine, 1998
15.Robert Merton	B.S. 1966	Economics, 1997

Other awards/honors won by current faculty include:

• MacArthur Foundation Award: 28^[92]
• National Medal of Science: 4^[92]
• The National Academies: 99 (sum of 41+20+38, below)

*National Academy of Sciences: 41^[92]

*National Academy of Engineering: 20^[95]

*Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: 38^[96]

• American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 143^[92]

Presidents of Columbia University

	President	Birth Year–Death Year	Years as President	Name of Institution; Notes
1	Samuel Johnson	(1696–1772)	(1754–1763)	King's College
2	Myles Cooper	(1735–1785)	(1763–1775)	King's College
2.1	Benjamin Moore	(1748–1816)	(1775–1776)	King's College; acting
2.2	George Clinton	(1739–1812)	(1784–1787)	Columbia College "in the State of New York"; Chancellor (Regents government)
3	William Samuel Johnson	(1727–1819)	(1787–1800)	Columbia College "in the City of New York" (Trustees government)
4	Charles Henry Wharton	(1748–1833)	(1801–1801)	Columbia College
5	Benjamin Moore	(1748–1816)	(1801–1810)	Columbia College
6	William Harris	(1765–1829)	(1811–1829)	Columbia College; shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816
7	William Alexander Duer	(1780–1858)	(1829–1842)	Columbia College
8	Nathaniel Fish Moore	(1782–1872)	(1842–1849)	Columbia College
9	Charles King	(1789–1867)	(1849–1863)	Columbia College; presides over move to Madison Avenue campus
10	Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard	(1809–1889)	(1864–1889)	Columbia College
11	Seth Low	(1850–1916)	(1890–1901)	Columbia College; presides over move to Morningside Heights campus; name changes to "Columbia University in the City of New York"
12	Nicholas Murray Butler	(1862–1947)	(1902–1945)	Columbia University
12.1	Frank D. Fackenthal	(1883–1968)	(1945–1948)	Columbia University (acting)
13	Dwight D. Eisenhower	(1890–1969)	(1948–1953)	Columbia University; on leave while Supreme Commander of NATO
14	Grayson L. Kirk	(1903–1997)	(1953–1968)	Columbia University; resigned after 1968 protests
15	Andrew W. Cordier	(1901–1975)	(1969–1970)	Columbia University
16	William J. McGill	(1922–1997)	(1970–1980)	Columbia University
17	Michael I. Sovern	(1931– )	(1980–1993)	Columbia University
18	George Erik Rupp	(1942– )	(1993–2002)	Columbia University
19	Lee C. Bollinger	(1947– )	(2002– )	Columbia University

Notable Columbians

Main article: List of Columbia University people

Alumni and Attenders

Two former Presidents of the United States have attended Columbia. Six Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and 39 Nobel Prize winners have obtained degrees from Columbia. Today, three United States Senators and 16 current Chief Executives of Fortune 500 companies hold Columbia degrees, as do three of the 25 richest Americans[5].

Attendees of King's College, Columbia's predecessor, included Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, and Gouverneur Morris. U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justices Harlan Fiske Stone, Charles Evans Hughes and Associate Justice Benjamin Cardozo, as well as former US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, were all educated at the law school. Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower served as President of the University. Other significant figures in American history to attend the university were John L. O'Sullivan, the journalist who coined the phrase "manifest destiny", Alfred Thayer Mahan, the geostrategist who wrote on the significance of sea power, and progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne. Former Secretary of State Alexander Haig studied at Columbia Business School between 1954 and 1955. Wellington Koo, a Chinese diplomat who argued passionately against Japanese and Western imperialism in Asia at the Paris Peace Conference, is a graduate, having honed his debating skills in Columbia's Philolexian Society, as is Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, founding father of India and co-author of its constitution. Local politicians have been no less represented at Columbia, including Seth Low, who served as both President of the University and Mayor of the City of New York, and New York governors Thomas Dewey, also an unsuccessful US presidential candidate, DeWitt Clinton, who presided over the construction of the Erie Canal, Hamilton Fish, later to become US Secretary of State, and Daniel D. Tompkins, who also served as a Vice President of the United States.

Philip Gunawardena, a Sri Lankan Revolutionary and Indian Freedom Fighter, who was later to be known as "The Father of Socialism in Sri Lanka", joined Columbia in 1925 for his post-graduate studies. He was later to become a Cabinet Minister, instituting far-reaching changes in Sri Lanka's agrarian structure. General, historian, and author John Watts de Peyster, who was influential in the modernization of the New York National Guard, NYPD, and NYFD, attendeed Columbia College and later received a M.A. degree.

More recent political figures educated at Columbia include current U.S. Senators Barack Obama of Illinois and Judd Gregg of New Hampshire, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, UN weapons inspector Hans Blix, former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, conservative commentators Patrick J. Buchanan and Norman Podhoretz, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former chairman of the US Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan, George Stephanopoulos, Senior Advisor to former US President Bill Clinton, George Pataki, the former governor of New York State, and Mikhail Saakashvili, the current President of the country of Georgia. Louisiana Lieutenant Governor (1956–1960) Lether Frazar, who was president of two universities in his state, obtained his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1942.

Scientists Stephen Jay Gould, Robert Millikan and Michael Pupin, cultural historian Jacques Barzun, literary critic Lionel Trilling, sociologists Immanuel Wallerstein and Seymour Martin Lipset, behavioral psychologist Charles Ferster, poet-professor Mark Van Doren, philosophers Irwin Edman and Robert Nozick, and economists Milton Friedman, Afghan Finance Minister Ashraf Ghani, and Daniel C. Kurtzer all obtained degrees from Columbia.

In culture and the arts, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, screenwriters Sidney Buchman and I.A.L. Diamond, critic and biographer Tim Page and musician Art Garfunkel are all among Columbia's alumni. The poets Langston Hughes, Federico García Lorca, Joyce Kilmer and John Berryman, the writers Eudora Welty, Isaac Asimov, J. D. Salinger, Upton Sinclair, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Phyllis Haislip, Roger Zelazny, Herman Wouk, Hunter S. Thompson, and Paul Auster, the playwright Tony Kushner, the architects Robert A. M. Stern, Ricardo Scofidio and Peter Eisenman, the composer Béla Bartók also attended the university. Trappist monk, author, and humanist Thomas Merton is an alumnus both as an undergraduate and graduate student, and converted to Catholicism while attending. Urban theorist and cultural critic Jane Jacobs spent time at the School of General Studies. Educator Elisabeth Irwin received her M.A. there in 1923. Television talk show host Sally Jesse Raphael is a graduate.

Baseball legends Lou Gehrig, Mo Berg (The Catcher Was a Spy) and Sandy Koufax, along with football quarterback Sid Luckman and sportscaster Roone Arledge, are alumni.

Celebrities who graduated from Columbia include the actors Brian Dennehy, Ben Stein, George Segal, Amanda Peet, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Matthew Fox (Dr. Jack Shephard in the TV drama Lost), Rider Strong (Corey's best friend in the sitcom Boy Meets World) and Julia Stiles of 10 Things I Hate about You and Save the Last Dance, among other films. Anna Paquin, who won an Oscar for her performance in the The Piano, also attended Columbia. The actress Famke Janssen graduated with a degree in writing and literature at Columbia. Liza Weil of Gilmore Girls attended as well. The actors Ed Harris and Jake Gyllenhaal attended Columbia for a time before dropping out as well. R&B Singer Lauryn Hill entered Columbia, but left after one year. Another R&B singer, Alicia Keys, was accepted to Columbia but never attended in order to dedicate herself fully to her musical career. Likewise, Japanese-American pop-star Utada Hikaru opted to pursue a musical career instead of finishing her undergraduate studies at Columbia. Current head of the New York City Planning Department, Amanda Burden, received her masters at Columbia. Radio personality Tom Griswold