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Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").

Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other devices. Personal computers, the computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003). See Market statistics.

Typical PC hardware

A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
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Internals of typical personal computer
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Typical Motherboard found in a computer
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Inside a Custom Computer

Motherboard

The motherboard is the "heart" of the computer, through which all other components interface.

Power supply

A case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan, and supplies power to the rest of the computer.

Storage controllers

Controllers for hard disk, CD-ROM and other drives like internal Zip and Jaz conventionally for a PC are IDE/ATA; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards, such as a Disk array controller. IDE is usually integrated, unlike SCSI which is found in most servers. The floppy drive interface is a legacy MFM interface which is now slowly disappearing. All these interfaces are gradually being phased out to be replaced by SATA and SAS.

Video display controller

Produces the output for the computer display. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E or AGP), in the form of a Graphics Card.

Removable media writer

Internal storage

Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.

Sound card

Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade.

Networking

Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.

Other peripherals

In addition, hardware can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
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Wheel mouse


Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system

Input

Output

See also

computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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Digital electronics are electronics systems that use digital signals. Digital electronics are representations of Boolean algebra and are used in computers, mobile phones, and other consumer products.
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Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system. [1]
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firmware is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. It can also be provided on flash ROMs or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.
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The notion of read-only data can also refer to file system permissions.


Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices.
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An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions.[1] It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts.
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity of the heart over time.
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Compact Disc

The closely spaced tracks on the readable surface of a Compact Disc cause light to diffract into a full visible colour spectrum
Media type: Optical disc
Encoding: Various
Capacity: Typically up to 700 MB
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personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals.

It is unknown who coined the phrase with the intent of a small affordable computing device but John W.
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personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals.

It is unknown who coined the phrase with the intent of a small affordable computing device but John W.
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A computer case (also known as the computer chassis, cabinet, tower, box, enclosure, housing or simply case) is the enclosure that contains the main components of a computer.
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Motherboard

The ASUS CUSL2-C motherboard

Connects to:
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central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data.
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computer fan can be any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component.
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Dynamic RAM (DRAM) modules

Two 512 MB DRAM Modules

Connects to:
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firmware is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. It can also be provided on flash ROMs or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.
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ROM, Rom, or rom is an abbreviation and name that may refer to:

In Computers and Mathematics:
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Bios or BIOS may refer to:
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Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware. EFI is intended as a significantly improved replacement of the old legacy BIOS firmware interface historically used by all IBM PC
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bus (bidirectional universal switch) is a subsystem that transfers data or power between computer components inside a computer or between computers, and a bus typically is controlled by device driver software.
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PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect

five 32-bit PCI expansion slots on a motherboard
Year created: Mid-1993
Created by: Intel
Superseded by: PCI Express (2004)

Width:

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This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.
Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since February 2007.
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USB
Universal Serial Bus

Original USB Logo
Year created: January 1996


Width:
Number of devices: 127 per host
Capacity Up to 12Mbit/s (USB 1.0)
Up to 480 Mbit/s (USB 2.
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HyperTransport (HT), formerly known as Lightning Data Transport (LDT), is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-bandwidth, low-latency point to point link that was introduced on April 2 2001.
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This article contains information about a scheduled or expected .
It may contain preliminary information that does not reflect the final version of the product. The Intel QuickPath Interconnect or simply "QuickPath" [1][2] (formerly
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This article or section contains information about scheduled or expected future events.
It may contain tentative information; the content may change as the event approaches and more information becomes available.
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AGP
Accelerated Graphics Port

An AGP slot (maroon, although the color is usually brown) and two PCI slots
Year created: 1997
Created by: Intel
Superseded by: PCI Express (2004)


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VESA Local Bus (usually abbreviated to VL-Bus or VLB) was mostly used in personal computers. VESA Local Bus worked alongside the ISA bus; it acted as a high-speed conduit for memory-mapped I/O and DMA, while the ISA bus handled interrupts and port-mapped I/O.
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ISA
Industry Standard Architecture

Five 16-bit and one 8-bit ISA slots on a motherboard
Year created: 1981
Created by: IBM
Superseded by: PCI (1993)

Width:

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EISA
Extended Industry Standard Architecture

Year created: 1988
Created by: Gang of Nine
Superseded by: PCI (1993)

Width:
Number of devices: 1 per slot
Capacity
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