• Anasayfa
• Türkçe Forum
• Türkçe

• Home
• Biograpies
• Countries
• Medicine
• Business
• Computing
• Education
• Geography
• History
• Law
• Literature
• Music
• Politics
• Sport
• Maps

In computing, a keyboard is a peripheral partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard. Keyboards are designed to input text and characters, as well as to operate a computer. Physically, keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular buttons, or "keys". Keyboards typically have characters engraved or printed on the keys; in most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence; other keys do not produce any symbol, but instead affect the operation of the computer or the keyboard itself. See input method editor.

Roughly 50% of all keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters). Other keys can produce actions when pressed, and other actions are available by the simultaneous pressing of more than one action key.

Designs

There exist a large number of different arrangements of symbols on keys. These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols; typically, this is because they are writing in different languages, but specialized keyboard layouts for mathematics, accounting, and computer programming also exist.

Most of the more common keyboard layouts(QWERTY-based and similar) were designed in the era of the mechanical typewriters, so their ergonomics had to be slightly compromised in order to tackle some of the technical limitations of the typewriters. The letters were attached to levers that needed to move freely; jamming would result if commonly-used letters were placed too close to one another. With the advent of modern electronics, this is no longer an issue. QWERTY layouts and their brethren had been a de facto standard for decades prior to the introduction of the very first computer keyboard, and were primarily adopted for electronic keyboards for this reason. Alternative layouts do exist, the best known of which is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; however, these layouts are not in widespread use.

The number of keys on a keyboard varies from the standard of 101 keys introduced in the late 1980s to the 104-key windows keyboards and all the way up to 130 keys or more, with many of the additional keys being symbol-less programmable keys that can simulate multiple such as starting a web browser or e-mail client. There also were "Internet keyboards," sold in the late 1990s, that replaced the function keys with pre-programmed internet shortcuts. Pressing the shortcut keys would launch a browser to go to that website.

Connection types

There are several different ways of connecting a keyboard which have evolved over the years. These include the standard AT (DIN-5) connector commonly found on pre-80486 motherboards, which was eventually replaced by the PS/2 and now USB connection. Prior to the iMac line of systems, Apple Computer used ADB, a proprietary system, for its keyboard connector.

Wireless keyboards

Wireless keyboards have become popular for their increased user freedom. However, wireless keyboards need batteries to work, and may pose a security problem due to the risk of eavesdropping.^[1]

Alternatives

A standard keyboard is physically quite large, as each key must remain large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Other types of keyboards have been proposed for small portable equipment where a standard keyboard is too large. One way to reduce the size of the keyboard is to reduce the number of keys and use chording keyer, i.e. pressing several keys simultaneously. For example, the GKOS keyboard has been designed for small wireless devices. Other two-handed alternatives more akin to a game controller, such as the AlphaGrip, are also used as a way to input data and text.

Another way to reduce the size of a keyboard is to use smaller buttons and pack them closer together. Such keyboards, often called a "thumbboard" (thumbing) are used in some personal digital assistants such as the Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-Mobile PCs such as the OQO.

A relatively new type of keyboard, the I-Tech Virtual Laser Keyboard, works by projecting an image of a full size keyboard onto a surface. Sensors in the projection unit identify which key is being "pressed" and relay the signals to a computer or PDA.

It is possible to limit or eliminate the use of computer keyboards with the introduction of speech recognition and optical character recognition. Speech recongnition however, while is already implemented in various commercial products, is far away from the horizons where it can fully replace typing and represents a very difficult scientific research task being too dependable on voice characteristics.

Some keyboards are specifically designed for speed. The most common is the Dvorak keyboard layout. The fastest so far is the stenotype -- some people who use a stenotype type faster than 300 words per minute.

Standards

In principle, computer keyboard designs are governed by the ISO/IEC 9995 international standard.

Historical

While the IBM PC keyboard was hardly the first electronic keyboard, it does merit particular mention, if only for its ubiquity. The original IBM PC/XT had 83 keys, the AT keyboard had 84 (adding a SysRq key and separating keys into sections, also changing the communication protocol), next the "Enhanced" 101 keys (duplicating the cursor movement keys from the numeric pad, adding the function key row along the top and increasing their number from 10 to 12, other minor changes, and of course the often maligned control-key/caps-lock switch. The above-mentioned 104 keys were obtained by adding three "windows" keys. The internationally common 102/105 key keyboards have a smaller 'left shift' key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). ^[2]

Usage

In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text into a word processor, text editor, or any other textbox.

In modern computers the interpretation of keypresses is generally left to the software. Modern keyboards distinguish each physical key from every other and report all keypresses to the controlling software. This flexibility is not often taken advantage of and it usually does not matter, for example, whether the left or right shift key is held down in conjunction with another character, even though they are coded as completely separate keys.

Keystroke

A keystroke refers to the simple act of pressing a button on a keyboard that is connected to some form of digital computer. Nefarious programs may log keystrokes and thereby capture such sensitive information as operating system passwords and credit card numbers.

See also keystroke logging.

Commands

A keyboard is also used to type commands in a computer. One famous example on the PC is the Ctrl+Shift+Esc combination. With current versions of Windows, this brings up the Task manager, which allows users to manage currently-running processes, shut down the machine, etc. Under Linux, MS-DOS and some older versions of Windows, Ctrl+Alt+Del performs either a 'cold' or 'warm' reboot. On mac operating systems, pressing cmd+option+esc brings up a force quit dialog.

Games

A keyboard is one of the primary methods of control in computer games. For instance, the arrow keys or a group of letters resembling the pattern of the arrow keys, like WASD, can be used for movement of a game character. In many games, keys can be configured to the user's preferences. Alphabet keys are also sometimes used to perform actions starting with that letter. (e.g. pressing j to jump, r to reload or c to crouch).

Buying considerations

Some low-quality keyboards suffer problems when multiple keys are pressed in quick succession; some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time. This is undesirable for games (designed for multiple keypresses, e.g. casting a spell while holding down keys to run) and undesirable for extremely fast typing (hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys). A common side effect of this shortcoming is called "phantom key blocking": on some keyboards, pressing three keys simultaneously sometimes resulted in a 4th keypress being registered. Modern keyboards prevent this from happening by blocking the 3rd key in certain key combinations, but while this prevents phantom input, it also means that when two keys are depressed simultaneously, many of the other keys on the keyboard will not respond until one of the two depressed keys is lifted. Better keyboards are designed so that this happens infrequently in office programs, but it remains a problem in games even on expensive keyboards, due to wildly different and/or configurable key/command layouts in different games.

How it works

The following briefly describes a "dome-switch" keyboard (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a membrane keyboard), the most common type in use today:

1. When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact on the underside of the dome touches (and hence connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit below.
2. This bridges the gap between them and allows electric current to flow (the open circuit is closed).
3. A scanning signal is emitted by the chip along the pairs of lines to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different, the chip generates a "make code" corresponding to the key connected to that pair of lines.
4. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a keyboard cable (using on-off electrical pulses to represent bits) or over a wireless connection. It may be repeated.
5. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes them into the appropriate keypress. The computer then decides what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a character on the screen, or perform some action).
6. When the key is released, a break code (different than the make code) is sent to indicate the key is no longer pressed. If the break code is missed (e.g. due to a keyboard switch) it is possible for the keyboard controller to believe the key is pressed down when it is not, which is why pressing then releasing the key again will release the key. (since another break code is sent.)

Other types of keyboards function in a similar manner, the main differences being how the individual key-switches work. For more on this subject refer to the article on keyboard technology.

Certain key presses are special, namely Ctrl-Alt-Delete and SysRq, but what makes them special is a function of software. In the PC architecture, the keyboard controller (the component in the computer that receives the make and break codes) sends the computer's CPU a hardware interrupt whenever a key is pressed or released. The CPU's interrupt routine which handles these interrupts usually just places the key's code in a queue, to be handled later by other code when it gets around to it, then returns to whatever the computer was doing before. The special keys cause the interrupt routine to take a different "emergency" exit instead. This more trusted route is much harder to intercept.

Customization of keyboard

Sometimes, it is desired to customize the layout of a keyboard or remap the keys. Keyboard remapping is supported at a driver level configurable within the operating system, or as add-ons to the existing programs. For Windows, Microsoft provides a free downloadable tool called Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator

Under systems running X11 (e.g. GNU/Linux) this can be done with xmodmap, under Windows there are several software for this purpose:

• SharpKeys: free
• KeyTweak: free

Keys on a computer keyboard

• Modifier key
• Control key
• Shift key
• Alt key / Option key (Macintosh)
• AltGr key
• Command key / Meta key (MIT computer keyboards)
• Windows key
• Fn key (compact keyboard layout)
• Dead key
• Compose key
• Lock key
• Scroll lock
• Num lock
• Caps lock
• Navigation keys
• Arrow keys
• Page scroll keys (Page up key / Page down key)
• Home / End key
• Edit keys
• Return key / Enter key
• Backspace
• Insert key
• Delete key
• Tab key
• SysRq / Print screen
• Break / Pause key
• Escape key
• Menu key
• Space bar
• Numeric keypad
• Function key
• Language input keys (on Japanese/Korean keyboards)
• Kanji key
• Conversion key
• Non-conversion key
• Half-width/Full-width key
• Hiragana/Katakana key
• Alphanumeric key
• Hancha key
• Han/Yong key
• Power management keys
• Power key
• Sleep key
• Wake key
• Internet keys:
• Internet (web browser) key.
• E-mail
• Multimedia keys:
• Volume keys or wheel (+/-/mute).

See also

• Ergonomics
• Repetitive strain injury
• Keyboard styles
• Alphanumeric keyboard
• Enhanced keyboard
• AT keyboard
• Velotype (chorded keyboard)
• Virtual keyboard
• Optimus Keyboard
• Das Keyboard (blank keyboard)
• "fixed split keyboard" and "adjustable split keyboard" with a larger gap between the "left hand keys" and the "right hand keys"
• EZ-Reach (keyboard)
• Microsoft Natural keyboard
• Maltron keyboard
• Kinesis keyboard
• Datahand (featuring joystick-like buttons to reduce finger movement)
• Keyboard layout
• Dvorak keyboard
• British and American keyboards
• Keyboard technology
• Membrane keyboard
• Chiclet keyboard
• Buckling spring
• Apple Keyboard
• ASCII
• ASDF (sequence of letters)
• British and American keyboards
• Chinese input methods for computers
• Chord keyset
• F-Lock
• GKOS keyboard (chorded keyboard)
• IBM PC keyboard
• Lighted Program Function Keyboard
• Model M Keyboard
• Overlay keyboard
• Space-cadet keyboard
• Touch typing
• Typing
• Hunt and peck typing
• Home row
• Key jamming
• Rollover (key)
• QWERTY and accents
• Table of keyboard shortcuts
• Happy Hacking Keyboard
• FrogPad

References regarding problems with keypresses in short succession:

• http://forums.logitech.com/logitech/board/message?board.id=hardware&thread.id=991
• http://ask.metafilter.com/51940/Whats-a-brand-of-keyboard-that-allow-multiple-keys-to-be-pressed

References

External links

• Large searchable database of keyboard shortcuts at Keyxl.com
• Keyboard Help — Typing world language accent marks and other diacritics with your keyboard.
• Online Translit - Free keyboard layout conversion web service

IBM Computer keyboard:  •  • [ e]
Esc		F1	F2	F3	F4		F5	F6	F7	F8		F9	F10	F11	F12		PtSc	ScLk	Brk
																	Ins	Home	PgUp		Num	/	*	-
																	Del	End	PgDn		7	8	9	+
																					4	5	6
																		↑			1	2	3	Ent
																	←	↓	→		0		.

•  • [ e] Computer Keyboard Keys
Dead keys	Compose
Modifierkeys	Control Shift Alt/Option (Apple) AltGr Command/Meta (Apple/MIT/Sun keyboards) Windows/Super Fn (compact keyboards)
Lock keys	Scroll lock Num lock Caps lock
Navigation	Arrow Page scrolling (Page up/Page down) Home/End
Editing	Return/Enter Backspace Insert Delete Tab Space bar
Misc.	SysRq/Print screen Break/Pause Escape Menu Numeric keypad Function Power management (Power, Sleep, Wake) Language input Any key