Dardic languages

Information about Dardic languages

Dardic
Geographic
distribution:		 Afghanistan (eastern)
India (northwestern)
Pakistan (northern)
Genetic
classification:		 }}
Subdivisions:
—


The Dardic languages are a group of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is divided between India and Pakistan.

The Dardic group has traditionally been defined as a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages which experienced strong influence from the Iranian languages. Some linguists today define it as a third independent branch of Indo-Iranian (co-equal with Indo-Aryan and Iranian), but this is controversial. It is also not clear that all of the languages currently included in Dardic form a single genetic family, rather than several different families with common features due to areal influence.

Another group of languages spoken in Afghanistan, Nuristani, has sometimes been included in Dardic, but is today generally regarded as an independent group — usually as a sub-group of Indo-Aryan, or sometimes as another independent branch of Indo-Iranian.

Except for Kashmiri, all of the Dardic languages are small minority languages which have not been sufficiently studied. In many cases they are spoken in areas difficult to access due to mountainous terrain and/or armed conflicts in the region. All of the languages (including Kashmiri) have been historically influenced by more prominent non-Dardic neighboring languages, which blurs their classification. A further complicating factor is the politics of the region — defining the languages of Jammu and Kashmir as non-Indo-Aryan languages has connotations of cultural separation from India, at a time of armed conflict by separatist groups in the territory. These factors make it difficult for objective conclusions to be made to date as to the position of Dardic within Indo-Iranian, and its actual members.

Subdivisions of Dardic

This list is similar to the classification system used by Ethnologue[1].

See also

External links

 •  • [ e]
Indo-Iranian languages
Indic (Indo-Aryan)
Iranian
DardicDameli Domaaki Gawar-Bati Kalash Kashmiri Khowar Kohistani Nangalami Pashayi Palula Shina Shumashti
NuristaniAskunu Kamkata-viri Tregami Vasi-vari Waigali
This page has been semi-protected from editing to deal with vandalism.
Semi-protection is not an endorsement of the current version. To see other versions, view the [ page history].
..... Click the link for more information.
This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam   (Urdu)
..... Click the link for more information.
A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language. As with biological families, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics.
..... Click the link for more information.
Indo-Iranian can refer to:
  • The Indo-Iranian languages
  • The prehistoric Indo-Iranians (see also Aryan)
  • The Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
  • The Proto-Indo-Iranian language

..... Click the link for more information.
This page has been semi-protected from editing to deal with vandalism.
Semi-protection is not an endorsement of the current version. To see other versions, view the [ page history].
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam   (Urdu)
..... Click the link for more information.
Jammu and Kashmir Also reffered as Indian occupied kashmir by Pakistan(IOK) pronunciation   (help info )
..... Click the link for more information.
This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
..... Click the link for more information.
Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan".
..... Click the link for more information.
Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family. With the Indo-Aryan languages they form the Indo-Iranian languages group. Avestan and Old Persian are the oldest recorded Iranian languages.
..... Click the link for more information.
In linguistics, an areal feature is any typological feature shared by languages within the same geographical area.

Resemblances between two or more languages (whether typological or in vocabulary) can be due to genetic
..... Click the link for more information.
The Nuristani people are an ethnic group in Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. They are sometimes called Kalasha people, though they are not directly related to the Kalash of neighbouring Chitral Province in Pakistan.
..... Click the link for more information.
For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)


Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur
..... Click the link for more information.
Khowar}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: khw

Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. It is spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit,
..... Click the link for more information.
Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group.
..... Click the link for more information.
For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)


Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur
..... Click the link for more information.
Kalami is a Dardic language spoken in northern Pakistan.

The language is also known as Gawri or Garwi (IPA: /ɡaːwriː/), but this name is considered pejorative by some speakers.
..... Click the link for more information.
Torwali (Turvali) language is spoken in Kohistan and Swat, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
..... Click the link for more information.
Dameli is a language spoken by approximately 5,000 people in the Domel Valley, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan.

The Domel Valley is about ten miles south of Drosh on the East Side of the Chitral River, on the road from the Mirkhani Fort
..... Click the link for more information.
Old: Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni)
  • Middle: Prakrit: Pāli - Maharashtri - Magadhi
  • New:
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    • Nangalami is a Dardic language and is a branch of the Indo-Iranian language group, which in turn is branch of the Indo-European language.


    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Shumashti}}} 
    Official status
    Official language of: none
    Regulated by: no official regulation
    Language codes
    ISO 639-1: none
    ISO 639-2: none
    ISO 639-3: sts Shumashti - also known as
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Shina (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language and is spoken by a plurality of people in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Valleys include Astore, Chilas, Dareil, Tangeer, Gilgit, Ghizer, and a few parts of Baltistan and Kohistan.
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Domaaki}}} 
    Official status
    Official language of: none
    Regulated by: no official regulation
    Language codes
    ISO 639-1: none
    ISO 639-2: none
    ISO 639-3: dmk Domaaki - also known as
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Palula (in the literature sometimes referred to as Phalura), Ashreti, or Dangarikwar (the name used by Khowar speakers), is spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as well as in the village Puri (also Purigal) in the Shishi valley, and at least by
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    The Dards are various ethnic groups living in Afghanistan, Indian Kashmir, and Northern Pakistan. The term Dard is due to Herodotus who described a land of the Dardikae in the Hindu Kush.
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Nuristani languages are a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian language family, spoken in Afghanistan and parts of modern Pakistan.

    History

    The Nuristani languages were not described in the literature until the 19th century.
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic.
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan".
    ..... Click the link for more information.

    This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.