The DUX-53 and DUX-59 were submachine guns designed at the Oviedo Arsenal in Spain. They were based directly on the design of the Finnish 9mm Model 44 submachine gun, which in turn was based on the Soviet PPS-43. A large number of these weapons were produced for the West German Border Police, and was later licensed to be produced by Anschütz and Mauser until the mid 1950s.

References

• Ezell, Edward Clinton (1977). Small Arms of the World, 11th edition. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1558-2

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For the town in the Czech Republic, sometimes known by its German name Dux, see Duchcov.

rmn-military-header.png Roman Kingdom 753 BC – 510 BC Roman Republic 510 BC – 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 476 Principate Western Empire Dominate Eastern Empire

Ordinary Magistrates

Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor

Extraordinary Magistrates

Dictator Magister Equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri

Titles and Honors

Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister Militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch

Politics and Law

Roman Senate Cursus honorum Roman assemblies Collegiality Roman law Roman citizenship Auctoritas Imperium

Dux (plural: duces) is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, 'to lead') and could refer to anyone who commanded troops, such as tribal leaders.

Roman empire

In the Roman military, a Dux would be a general in charge of two or more legions. While the title of dux could refer to a Consul or Imperator, it usually refers to the Roman Governor of the provinces. As the governor, the dux was both the highest civil official as well as the commander-in-chief of the legions garrisoned within the province.

However, during the time of the Dominate, the powers as a dux were split from the role of the governor and were given to a new office called "Dux". The dux was still the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorise the use of the dux's powers. But once authorised, the dux could act independently from the governor and handled all military matters. An example would be the Dux per Gallia Belgica which was the Dux of the province of Gallia Belgica.

Since Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform, the provinces were organized into dioceses each administered by a Vicarius. As with the Governors, the Vicarius was assisted by a Dux. This Dux was superior to all of other Duces within the dioceses and when the Vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the Dux's command. An example would be the Dux per Gallia which was the Dux of the Dioceses of Gaul. The office of Dux was, in turn, made subject to the Magister Militum of his respective Praetorian prefecture, and above him to the Emperor.

In the Byzantine Empire, the position of Megas Doux survived until the final Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Post-Roman uses

Dux is also the root of various high feudal noble titles of peerage rank, such as (via the French duc) the English duke, and their derivatives, e.g. the Venetian doge and Italian Duce, the modern Greek ducas (δούκας).

In English and other languages, dux is also a modern title given to the top academic student in a graduating class of a school, used in Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Iceland, similar to the American concept of a valedictorian; compare also dean's list.

Sources and references

• Pauly-Wissowa