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East Anglia

Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. Cambridgeshire is to the west and Essex to the south.


East Anglia is a peninsula of eastern England. It was named after one of the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, names which possibly arose during or after the Danish settling ("North folk [people]" and "South folk [people]"); the region's boundaries, however, are vague.

It includes the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, with part (or all of the pre-1974) Cambridgeshire. Some people include Essex—sometimes only the northern part—and a small part of southern Lincolnshire bordering The Wash. Some of the area is characterised by its flatness, consisting of fenland and reclaimed marshland, though much of Suffolk and parts of Norfolk are gently rolling hills. The perception of the area as flat is in Noel Coward's Private Lives "Very flat, Norfolk"

The principal East Anglian cities include Norwich (the nominal capital), Ipswich and Cambridge. Peterborough and Colchester are often classified as East Anglian cities though Colchester and Ipswich are technically towns.

East Anglia forms part of the East of England administrative region. In the European nomenclature of territorial units for statistics East Anglia is a region comprising Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.

Geography

Despite water playing a significant role in the Fen and Broads landscapes, some parts of the region are classified as semi-arid due to their exceptionally low rainfall. During the summer months, tinder-dry conditions are frequently experienced, resulting in many field and heath fires. Daily temperature maxima range from 5-10 degrees Celsius in the winter to 20-25 degrees Celsius in the summer, although temperatures have been known to reach 35 degrees Celsius in recent years. Sunshine totals tend to be higher towards the coastal areas.

Farming and horticulture have proven very successful in this fertile country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology, from the influx of clay pantiles to the draining of the fens. It has a wide range of small-scale holiday destinations ranging from traditional coastal resorts (Great Yarmouth, Lowestoft), through historic towns such as Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Ely and King's Lynn to the modern holiday villas of Center Parcs set in Thetford Forest. The Royal Air Force constructed many airfields during World War II and a few of these remain in use. One, near Norwich, has become Norwich International Airport, a civilian airfield to serve the city.

The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads form a network of waterways between Norwich and the coast and are popular for recreational boating. A recent bid to have them declared a National park failed, as it would have meant conservation becoming more important than navigation rights.

The University of East Anglia is located in Norwich. Norwich is the largest settlement in East Anglia. Ipswich is the largest town in East Anglia. The East of England regional assembly is based in Bury St. Edmunds.

Heraldry

Possibly the best candidate for arms of East Anglia are those of the Wuffingas dynasty: three crowns in a blue shield, the colour of the Swedish flag, superimposed on a St. George's cross. In fact, that device was created in homage to an old legend of the three crowns of East Anglia, and the blue colour represents the Anglo-Scandinavian heritage of much of East Anglia. The East Anglian flag as it is known today was invented by George Henry Langham and adopted by the London Society of East Anglians. It was first mentioned in print in 1900 and was flown locally in various places in Norfolk, but was not known widely even at the time it was invented. The crowns also appear in the arms of the borough of Bury St. Edmunds and the University of East Anglia.

History

The Kingdom of the East Angles, formed about the year 520 by the merging of the North and the South Folk (Angles who had settled in the former lands of the Iceni during the previous century) was one of the seven Anglo-Saxon heptarchy kingdoms (as defined in the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon). For a brief period following a victory over the rival kingdom of Northumbria around the year 616, East Anglia was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, and its king Raedwald was Bretwalda (overlord of the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms). But this did not last: over the next forty years, East Anglia was defeated by the Mercians twice, and it continued to weaken relative to the other kingdoms until in 794, Offa of Mercia had its king Æthelberht killed and took control of the kingdom himself.

The independence of the East Anglians was restored by a successful rebellion against Mercia (825–827), in course of which two Mercian kings were killed attempting to crush it. On November 20, 870 the Danes killed King Edmund and took the kingdom, which they named East Anglia (see Ivar the Boneless). The Saxons retook the area in 920, only to lose it again in 1015–1017, when it was conquered by Canute the Great and given as a fiefdom to Thorkell the Tall, who was made Jarl of East Anglia in 1017.

Much of East Anglia (including parts of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, west Norfolk, and Suffolk), consisted of marshland and bogs until the 17th century despite the construction of early sea barriers by the Roman Empire. During the 17th century the alluvial land was converted into arable land by means of systematic drainage using a collection of drains and river diversions.

East Anglia was a rich area of the country up until the effects of the Industrial Revolution moved manufacturing to the Midlands and north - the earnings being based on wool and textiles.

References

See also

External links

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The Heptarchy
Motto
Dieu et mon droit   (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
No official anthem specific to England — the anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the Queen".
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Heptarchy (Greek: ἑπτά + ἀρχή seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south, east, and central Great Britain during late antiquity
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Angeln, also known as Anglia (German: Angeln, Danish: Angel, Latin: Anglia, English: may follow German or Latin, direct translation from Latin: England), is a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, protruding into the Bay of Kiel.
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Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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Norfolk (pronounced IPA: /ˈnɔːfək/) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England.
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    Suffolk (pronounced /'sʌfək/) is a historic and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south.
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      Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west.
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      Essex

      Geography
      Status Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
      Origin Historic
      Region East of England
      Area
      - Total
      - Admin. council
      - Admin.
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      Lincolnshire

      Geography
      Status Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
      Region East Midlands
      (North Lincolnshire and
      North East Lincolnshire are in
      Yorkshire and the Humber)
      Area
      - Total
      - Admin.
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      The Wash is the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire. It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom. It is fed by the Rivers Witham, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse.
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      fen is a type of wetland fed by surface and/or groundwater. The flora of fens is characterized by their water chemistry. Fens are often confused with bogs, which are fed primarily by rainwater and often inhabited by certain sphagnum moss, making them acidic.
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      marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland which is subject to frequent or continuous inundation.[1] Typically a marsh features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.
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      Sir Noel Coward

      Birth name Noël Peirce Coward
      Born 16 December 1899
      Middlesex, England
      Died 26 March 1973 (aged 75)
      Blue Harbor, Jamaica

      Awards
      Academy Awards
      Academy Honorary Award
      1943
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      city is an urban settlement with a particularly important status which differentiates it from a town.

      City is primarily used to designate an urban settlement with a large population. However, city may also indicate a special administrative, legal, or historical status.
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      Norwich (pronounced IPA: /ˈnɒrɪdʒ/) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk.
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      Ipswich (pronounced /ˈɪpswɪtʃ/) is a non-metropolitan district in Suffolk, England on the estuary of the River Orwell.
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      Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. It lies approximately 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of London and is surrounded by a number of smaller towns and villages.
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      Peterborough /ˡpiːtəˌbʌɹə/ is a cathedral city and unitary authority in the East of England, with a projected population of 161,800 as of 2007.
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      Colchester

      Colchester ()
      |240px|Colchester (

      ..... Click the link for more information.
      town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. Usually, a "town" is thought of as larger than a village but smaller than a "city".
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      The East of England is one of the nine official regions of England. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999. It includes the ceremonial counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England in the United Kingdom.

      History


      ..... Click the link for more information.
      The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard was developed by the European Union, and thus only covers the member states of the EU in detail (see
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      Agriculture (from Agri Latin for ager ("a field"), and culture, from the Latin cultura "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". A literal reading of the English word yields "tillage of the soil of a field".
      ..... Click the link for more information.
      Horticulture (Latin: hortus (garden) + cultura (culture)) is the culture or growing of garden plants. Horticulture as classically defined is the subdivision of agriculture dealing in gardening, in contrast to agronomy, which deals with field crops and the
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      Motto
      "Je maintiendrai"   (French)
      "Ik zal handhaven"   (Dutch)
      "I shall stand fast"1
      Anthem
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      Clay is a naturally occurring material, composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried or fired.
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      The name pantiles originally referred to a form of tile used in paving and (more often) roofing. Today the name is also used to refer to an area in the town of Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England which formerly used such tiling.
      ..... Click the link for more information.

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      Lowestoft

      Lowestoft (United Kingdom)

      Lowestoft shown within the United Kingdom
      Population 57,746 (2001 Census)
      OS grid reference
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