The
Fathers' rights movement or
Parents' rights movement is a
social movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting fathers and children related to
family law, including
child custody and
child support sometimes after
divorce. The movement receives international press coverage as a result of high profile style activism of
Fathers 4 Justice and other national organisations internationally.
Background and history
The fathers' rights movement is a grouping of individuals and groups who are highly diverse in goals, methods and political views. Such groups suggest that laws once favouring fathers have now swung too far in the opposite direction, establishing men as the new victims of the legal system.
[][1] They tend to focus on a narrowly defined set of issues of interest to their membership mainly of divorced or divorcing men.
[0] Not just a men's movement, women, particularly the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement with the family law, have increasingly become involved in activities promoting fathers' rights.
[0][2][2]
Discussion about fathers' rights issues began in the West in the 1960s as changes to divorce laws prompted an examination of the legal rights and responsibilities of fathers and parents in general.
[0] During the 1970s fathers' rights organisations such as
Families Need Fathers emerged.
[0]
In recent years, some fathers' rights groups have become frustrated with the slow pace of traditional campaigning for law reform.
[0] Groups such as
Fathers 4 Justice have become increasingly vocal and visible, undertaking public demonstrations which have attracted public attention and influenced the politics of family justice.
[0]
Some fathers’ rights groups have been short-lived and unstable, as members and leaders do not remain with the group after they have been helped.
[1][2] Infighting within groups has occurred.
[5]
Movement's Activities
The movement's primary focus has been to campaign (including lobbying and research) for formal legal rights for fathers, and sometimes for children, including changes to family law related to child custody, support and maintenance, abuse and violence as well as the perceived inequities in the family court system themselves.
[2][2]
Fathers’ rights groups also provide emotional and practical support for members during separation and divorce.
[5][2]
With the increase in access to the internet, much advocacy, support and development of fathers' rights issues takes place through the internet, on blogs and forums.
Sociologists, such as Scott Coltrane and Neal Hickman, state that members of fathers' rights groups "cast their personal troubles as pressing social problems.,
[2][8] and use rhetorical strategies to elicit emotional responses.
[7] They suggest that the movement focuses on the needs and wants of fathers as well as symbolic issues of "rights", "equality", and "fairness", rather than on the nuts and bolts of actual parenting
[10] and the developmental needs and wishes of children.
[11]
Controversially, some fathers' rights activists in various countries have been accused and convicted of criminal activities, including stalking,
[12] and harassment.
[13][14][15][16][17] Glenn Sacks, a prominent fathers' rights activist, has criticized persons he has called "the lunatic fringe of the fathers' rights movement", who describe the perpetrators of violent crimes against family court judges and others as "some sort of freedom fighters."
[18]
Main Issues
The Family court system
Members of the fathers' rights movement criticize the win or lose adversarial system currently used in most Western countries to determine divorce and child custody issues, stating that the system is biased against fathers in making custody decisions and in preventing interference with a father's parenting time once it has been ordered.
[19][20][21][22] They note that an adversarial approach is expensive in time and money,
[22][23] and claim that that those working within the court system have a “vested interest in separating children from their parents.”
[24][25]
Fathers' rights activists report that family courts are biased in favor of the mother, sole custody, and geographical/one-parent stability,
[26] and point to studies noting that women initiate at least two-thirds of divorce, with the claim that "automatic custody" for mothers is one of the reasons for this.
[27] They protest what they see as judicial abuses such as the use of secretive
in camera hearings
[28] and claim that fathers who have criticized the court system publicly have been sanctioned by fines and reductions in custody and parenting time.
[28] Some activists argue that some men have been driven to suicide by family courts,
[27] while others acknowledge that these suicides often might stem more from personality factors than legal bias.<ref name = "Fathers' Rights Groups Decry Court Process">Crary, David (th).
Fathers' Rights Groups Decry Court Process. The Associated Press. Critics of the fathers' rights movement note research that fathers are accorded considerable significance in custody decisions and are not discriminated against.
[0] Some critics also state that based on significant research, family courts discriminate against mothers as a result of gender bias and influence from the fathers' rights movement.
[29][0][21]
Child custody - Shared parenting
Stating that "children need both parents",
[30] the fathers’ rights movement calls for greater equality in parental responsibility following separation and divorce.
[31] They call for laws creating a
rebuttable presumption of 50/50 shared custody so that children would generally spend equal time with each parent unless there were reasons against it.
[32][31] They point to studies showing that children in shared custody settings are better adjusted and have fewer social problems such as low academic achievement, crime, pregnancy, substance abuse, depression and suicide,
[34][24][35] and claim that shared parenting is in fact in the best interests of the child.
[35]<ref name="Children's rights"/>
Members of the fathers' rights movement and their critics disagree about the correlation of these negative developmental outcomes for children to sole custody situations. Critics claim that poverty is the cause of these negative developmental outcomes, while members of the fathers' rights movement state that these problems correlate more strongly to "fatherlessness" than to any other variable including poverty.
[36][37][37]
Members of the fathers' rights movement criticize the
best interests of the child standard currently used in many countries for making custody decisions, which they describe as highly subjective and based on the personal prejudices of family court judges and court-appointed child custody evaluators,
[38][39][35]<ref name="Children's rights">Schlafly, Phyllis (2007-07-23).
Children's rights should include life with both parents. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. and that courts are abusive when more than half custody is taken away from a willing, competent parent.
[41] They claim that a rebuttable presumption of shared parenting is supported by a majority of citizens,
[42] and that their proposals to pass such laws have been defeated by their opponents' portrayals of fathers as a threat to their children's well-being.<ref name="Why Dad's Matter">Sacks, Glenn (2006-06-18).
Why Dad's Matter. GlennSacks.Com also Houston Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
Critics claim that most non-custodial parents are fathers, not as a result of actual court bias, but because most fathers do not want to be the primary custodial parent to their children,
[43][43] and they also point to research suggesting that joint custody arrangements are good for children only if there is little parental conflict.
[44] They also argue that if shared parenting were ordered, fathers would not provide their share of the daily care for the children.
[43]
Critics question the motives of those promoting shared parenting, noting that it would result in substantial decreases in or termination of child support payments.
[45][43]
They also claim that some fathers' rights groups are more interested in enabling men to re-establish authority over their children and ex-partners and that issues of power and control in cases of domestic violence and child abuse are ignored.
[47][48] In response, members of the fathers’ rights movement state that through political action they intend to establish parental authority for the well-being of their children
[49] and they point out that a rebuttable presumption for shared parenting would preserve a child's protection against unfit or violent parents.
[50]
Child support
- See also: , , , , and
Members of the fathers’ rights movement campaign for the reform of child support guidelines, which in most Western countries are based on maintaining the children's standard of living after separation, and on the assumption that the children live with one parent and never with the other.
[51][51] Activists complain that the current guidelines are arbitrary, provide mothers with financial incentives to divorce, and leave fathers with little discretionary income to enjoy with the children during their parenting time.
[27][52][51] In their place, fathers’ rights activists propose guidelines based on a Cost Shares model, in which child support would be based on the average income of the parents and the estimated child costs incurred by both parents.
[53] Critics of the Cost Share Model guidelines claim that they focus on the relative living standards of divorcing parents rather than the best interests of the children and supporting them at the same level after divorce.
[54]
Noting research that cultural communities emphasize different aspects of fatherhood, members of the fathers' rights movement state that the law should value a broader definition of fathering by reducing the focus on collecting child support and increasing the focus on encouraging informal contributions (such as groceries, clothes, toys, time with the children) as child support.
[55]
Members of the fathers’ rights movement suggest that child support should be terminated under certain conditions, such as if the custodial parent limits access to the children by moving away against the wishes of the other parent, gives fraudulent testimony, or if paternity fraud is discovered,
[51] adding that two men should not have to pay child support for the same child.
[51]
They also complain that it is often difficult for fathers in financial hardship or who take on a larger caregiving role with their children to have their child support payments lowered. They point out that unemployment is the primary cause of child support arrears, and claim that arrears makes the father subject to arrest and imprisonment without due process.
[37]
Domestic violence and Child abuse
Members of the fathers' rights movement assert that women make false claims of domestic violence or child abuse in order to gain an upper hand in divorce, custody disputes and/or prevent fathers from seeing their children, and they state that lawyers advise women to make such claims.
[38] They contend that false claims of domestic violence and child abuse are encouraged by the inflammatory "win or lose" nature of child custody hearings, and that men are presumed to be guilty rather than innocent by police and by the courts.
[25][25][51] They protest the inclusion of vaguely-defined and difficult-to-refute definitions of violence based on fear, harassment and stalking, in child custody hearings.
[58]
Members of the fathers' rights movement state that it is extremely rare for fathers to abuse their children.
[25] They add that when child abuse occurs, the perpetrator is not likely to be the father, and that the child abuse most often occurs after the father has been separated from his children.
[27][25] They suggest that government policies are creating child abuse by separating children from their fathers.
[25]
Members of the fathers’ rights movement protest the lack of attention paid to male victims of domestic violence. They point to domestic violence studies based on the
Conflict Tactics Scale, which suggest that men and women act violently toward their partners in about equal percentages.
[59][57][61] They also claim that men comprise a "significant minority" of the victims of domestic violence,
[62] and they call for more services to be provided for male victims of domestic violence.
[61]
Critics note research which suggests that women rarely make false allegations of domestic violence
[63] or child abuse,
[64]and that allegations of child abuse rarely result in the denial of all parental contact.
[65]
They criticize the domestic violence statistics from studies based on the Conflict Tactics Scale quoted by members of the fathers’ rights movement, claiming that the studies are flawed and that the statistics are used selectively. They state that women suffer more injuries, and women suffer more serious injuries, as a result of domestic violence than men.
[59]
They suggest that fathers' rights activists are trying to roll back protections for battered women.
[67]
Parenting time interference and Parental alienation syndrome
Members of the fathers' rights movement state that some mothers interfere with the father's parenting time and that such interference should be stopped.
[68] They state that parenting time interference can result from the custodial parent's relocation beyond a practical distance from the noncustodial parent and they campaign for a rebuttable presumption prohibiting such relocations.
[69]
They claim that the controversial Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a valid syndrome
[70][71] in which a parent alienates the child against the other parent for the purpose of gaining or retaining full custody of the children, and they offer advice to fathers about what to do if their access to their children is affected by parental alienation.
[72]
Critics of the fathers' rights movement and of parental alienation syndrome note that it is not considered a syndrome by the American Psychological Association
[5][73] and that it is a strategy that has been rejected by some members of the legal community.
[74] Critics and members of the fathers' rights movements agree about the danger that parental alienation syndrome may be used by abusive fathers as a weapon against appropriately protective mothers in order to win custody.
[74][70]
Unwarranted Termination of Parental Rights and Adoptions
Parents' Rights Advocates claim that many parents' parental rights are unnecessarily terminated, and that children are separated from fathers and mothers and adopted through the actions of family courts and government social service agencies seeking to meet their own targets, rather than looking at the merits of each case.
[75]
Members of the fathers' rights movement state that government employees harm children by disregarding the loving bonds they share with their fathers, when social workers typically place children in the foster care system without informing their fathers.
[76]
Fathers' rights movement by country
Issues related to the fathers' rights movement in specific countries are included in the
Fathers' rights movement by country. The countries included are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, The United Kingdom (UK) and The United States of America (USA). Of the aforementioned countries, Australia, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden and a minority of the states in the United States of America have enacted a rebuttable presumption for shared parenting as of January 1, 2007.
Fathers' rights and issues with language
Fathers' and parents' rights campaigners state that
parenting time should be used indiscriminately to replace
contact,
visitation and
residence. The term
visitation is particularly objectionable to fathers' rights activists, who believe that this term reinforces the idea that only one parent
raises the children. It is perceived that there is a stigma associated with treating one parent as
resident and the other as
non-resident. The use of the terms
absent parent,
putative father, and
non-custodial parent have also been challenged.
Some members of the fathers' and parents' rights movement state that no-fault divorce should be referred to as unilateral divorce and child support should be referred to as parental transfer payments.
[77]
Notable supporters
Public supporters of the fathers' rights movement and their issues, include divorced (and subsequently widowed)
Live Aid founder,
Bob Geldof,
[78] Irish writer and journalist John Waters, ex-UK
Home Secretary David Blunkett and
Karen DeCrow, former president of the National Organization for Women
[79][80]
Significant writers
Books
- Fathers Rights Survival Guide by Mike L. Weening
- Fathers after Divorce by Michael Green
- Shared Parenting Jill Burrett & Michael Green
- Myth of Male Power by Dr. Warren Farrell
- Father and Child Reunion by Dr. Warren Farrell
- Torn Apart: True Stories of Excluded Fathers (2005) by Tim Willis ISBN 1-904977-30-8
- Fathers' Rights: Hard-Hitting & Fair Advice for Every Father Involved in a Custody Dispute by Jeffery Leving, Ken Dachman
- Guide To Fathers Rights by Attorney Ronald Isaacs.
- Dedicated Fathers Audio Book Series by Marvin L. Chapman
- Elusive Innocence: Survival Guide for the Falsely Accused by Dean Tong
Research
See
List of family separation research articles
References
1.
^ Collier, Richard, Sheldon, Sally. "
Unfamiliar territory: The issue of a father's rights and responsibilities covers more than just the media-highlighted subject of access to his children", The Guardian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
2.
^ Sacks and, Glenn & Dianna Thompson (2006-06-21), "Why Are There so Many Women in the Fathers' Movement?", Minneapolis Star-Tribune, <[1]
3.
^ Collier, Richard; Sheldon, Sally (2006). "'The outlaw fathers fight back': Fathers' rights groups, Father 4 Justice and the politics of law reform- reflections on the UK experience", in Collier, Richard and Sheldon, Sally: Fathers' Rights Activism and Law Reform in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing.
4.
^ Kaye, Miranda; Julia Tolmie (1998). "Fathers' Rights Groups in Australia and their Engagement with Issues in Family Law". Australian Journal of Family Law 12: pp 19-68. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
5.
^ [2]
6.
^ Flood, Michael (2004). "Angry Men's Movements", in Stacey Elin Rossi: The Battle and Backlash Rage On (pdf), Xlibris Corporation.
7.
^ Collier, Richard; Sheldon, Sally (2006). "Fathers' rights, fatherhood and law reform- International perspectives", in Collier, Richard and Sheldon, Sally: Fathers' Rights Activism and Law Reform in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing.
8.
^ Smyth, Bruce. "Child support Policy in Australia: Back to basics?". Family Matters (67). Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
9.
^ "The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws". Social Problems 19 (4): 400-420.
10.
^ Flood, Michael. "Separated Fathers and the Fathers’ Rights Movement". Feminism, Law and the Family Workshop, Law School, University of Melbourne. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
11.
^ Kolata, Gina (November 1988). "Child splitting: many states now favor joint custody. But it's not always the happiest arrangement". Psychology Today. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
12.
^ “Stalker: lesson learned”, Herald-Sun, 30 September 2004
13.
^ BBC News. "
Australian militant fathers under fire", BBC, 25 July, 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
14.
^ “Threat to crack down on vigilante group.” The Age, 25 July 2002
15.
^ Militants harassed woman, daughter.” The Canberra Times, 6 August 2002
16.
^ "
Message proves unsettling", Times Union, June 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
17.
^ Morgan Bolton, Michele. "Custody Bill Fight Turns Frightful: Women's Groups Say They Are Being Threatened Over Their Stance On Legislation", Albany New York Times Union, April 21, 2006.
18.
^ Sacks, Glenn (June 19, 2006).
Do I Even Need to Say This?. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
19.
^ Select Committee on Constitutional Affairs Fourth Report. House of Commons, Parliament UK (2005-02-23). Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
20.
^ National Fatherhood Initiative's Ad Campaign Insults African-American Fathers. GlennSacks.Com and Daily Breeze, Los Angeles (2004-05-25 Daily Breeze, Los Angeles). Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
21.
^ Charalambous, Mark (2005-07-10).
New research shows bias in restraining orders. The Fatherhood Coalition. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
22.
^ The Operation of the Family Courts. House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee Family Justice (2004-11-08). Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
23.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (June 2004).
The Fatherhood Crisis: Time for a New Look. NCPA Policy Report No. 267 ISBN #1-56808-136-7. National Center for Policy Analysis.. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
24.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (December 2002).
The Politics of Fatherhood. childrensjustice.org: American Political Science Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
25.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (May 2006).
Family Violence in America The Truth About Domestic Violence and Child Abuse. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
26.
^ Farrell, Warren (2006-03-21).
Three Judicial Biases About Moms, Dads and Children. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
27.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (Summer 2003).
Divorce as Revolution. The Fatherhood Coalition, also Salisbury Review vol. 21 no. 4. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
28.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (2006-04-04).
Banned in Boston. LewRockwell.Com. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
29.
^ The California National Organization for Women’s Family Law Court Watch Program Guide. California NOW (th). Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
30.
^ Ballard, Travis.
Mitigating the Effects of Divorce on Children. National Congress for Fathers and Children. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
31.
^ Shared Parenting Council Membership. Shared Parenting Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
32.
^ Why Howard suddenly started to talk about custody battles. theage.com.au (2003-06-21). Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
33.
^ Shared Parenting Council Membership. Shared Parenting Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
34.
^ Shared Parenting: Common Objections versus the Facts. American Coalition of Fathers and Children: The Liberator Volume 32#3 (Fall 2005). Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
35.
^ HB 5267 Will Help Michigan’s Children of Divorce. American Coalition of Fathers and Children (also Lansing State Journal) (2006-05-08 (printed in Lansing State Journal)). Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
36.
^ Hart, Craig H. (1999).
Combating the Myth that Parents Don’t Matter. The Howard Center for Family Religion and Society. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
37.
^ Deconstructing the Essential Father. SPARC. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
38.
^ Schlafly, Phyllis (2005-02-02).
The Fatherphobia of Family Courts. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
39.
^ Newdow, Michael (2004-06-18).
Family Feud. Slate.Com. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
40.
^ New York Times Press Gives Major Press Coverage for Fathers. Fathers & Families (2005-05-08). Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
41.
^ An APPEAL to the PARENTS of AMERICA about the DESTRUCTION of the AMERICAN FAMILY. American Coalition of Fathers and Children. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
42.
^ Testimony in Support of an Act Relative to Shared Parenting (2003-09-25). Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
43.
^ Baker, Maureen, Families, Labour and Love: Family Diversity in a Changing World, UBC Press
44.
^ Govorun, Olesya (November 21, 2002).
Joint-custody arrangements good for children of divorce -- but only if there is no parental conflict. Ohio State Research News.
45.
^ American Bar Association (2000), Guide to Family Law: Effect of Joint Custody, <[3] (retrieved on 2007-03-15)
46.
^ Fathers' Responsibilities Before Fathers' Rights. NOW-NYS (2006-07-29). Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
47.
^ Michigan National Organization for Women (1996), Mandated Joint Physical And Legal Custody Bill, <[4] (retrieved on 2007-03-24)
48.
^ Callander, Debbi; Martin Dufresne, Janet Menezes and Ellen Murray.
On Abuse, Shared Parenting, & the System. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
49.
^ Fathers' Rights Are Fathers' Duties. FatherMag.Com (1998-2000). Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
50.
^ Position Paper of Fathers & Families. Fathers & Families (2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
51.
^ Comments on the Child Support Guidelines. F.A.C.T. Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association. Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
52.
^ Wilson, KC (2004-09-15).
The Subversion of Child Support. IFeminists.Com. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
53.
^ Rogers, R. Mark (2001-05-05).
The “Cost Shares” Child Support Guideline: A Working, Superior Alternative. Guideline Economics. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
54.
^ Morgan, Laura W. (February 15 2005).
The "Cost Share" model of child support guidelines. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
55.
^ Maldonado, Solangel (2006).
Deadbeat or Deadbroke: Redefining Child Support for Poor Fathers. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
56.
^ Recommendations for Child Support Guideline Revisement June, 2001 (June 2001). Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
57.
^ Baskerville, Stephen (Spring 2004).
Is There Really A Fatherhood Crisis?. The Independent Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
58.
^ An Epidemic of Civil Rights Abuses: Ranking of States’ Domestic Violence Laws. Respecting accuracy in domestic abuse reporting (September 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
59.
^ Claims about Husband Battering. American Coalition of Fathers and Children also Omaha World Herald, Daytona (Summer 1999). Retrieved on 2007-09-21.
60.
^ Controlling Domestic Violence Against Men. Equal Justice Foundation (2002). Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
61.
^ October’s Domestic Violence Awareness Month Ignores Many Victims. American Coalition of Fathers and Children also Omaha World Herald, Daytona (October 2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
62.
^ Equal Rights Amendment Yes, ‘Women’s Equality Amendment’ No. GlennSacks.Com, also the Louisville Courier (October 2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
63.
^ Flood, Michael (March 2005).
Fact Sheet #2: The myth of women’s false accusations of domestic violence and misuse of protection orders. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
64.
^ McDonald, Merrilyn (Spring 1998).
The Myth of Epidemic False Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Divorce Cases. Court Review. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
65.
^ Flood, Michael (March 2005).
Fact Sheet #1: The myth of false accusations of child abuse. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
66.
^ Flood, Michael (Summer 1999).
Claims about Husband Battering. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.
67.
^ Flood, Michael (August 2005).
Fact Sheet #3: How the fathers’ rights movement undermines the protections available to victims of violence and protects the perpetrators of violence. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
68.
^ Equal Parents Week Highlights Need for Family Court Reform. GlennSacks.Com also Lansing State Journal 2002-09-26. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
69.
^ AB 400 Will Help Wisconsin's Children of Divorce. Glenn Sacks (2005-06-17). Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
70.
^ Protect Children from Alienation. Ifeminists.Com (2006-07-12). Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
71.
^ Bone, J. Michael (Fall/Winter 2003).
Parental Alienation Syndrome: Examining the Validity Amid Controversy. Parental-Alienation.Com - The Family Law Section, Vol. XX, No. 1, Fall/Winter 2003, p 24-27. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
72.
^ Hayward, Stan.
A GUIDE TO THE PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME. UK Men and Father's Rights. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
73.
^ Statement on Parental Alienation Syndrome. American Psychological Association (2005-10-28). Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
74.
^ The Leadership Council on Child Abuse and Interpersonal Violence (2006-07-12).
Child Abuse Experts Applaud Legal Community for Rejecting Parental Alienation Syndrome.
Press release. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.
75.
^ Unwarranted Adoptions. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
76.
^ Choosing foster parents over fathers. The San Diego Union Tribune (2007-07-11). Retrieved on 2007-10-05.
77.
^ Phyllis Schlafly's keynote address. American Coalition of Fathers and Children (September 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
78.
^ "
Bob Geldof", Shared Parenting Information Group (SPIG) UK. Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
79.
^ "
Welcome to California Shared Parenting Alliance", California Shared Parenting Alliance. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
80.
^ Family law reform helps children. Sunday Gazette Mail (West Virginia). Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
External links
External Links Critical of the Fathers' Rights Movement
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Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically "pure" society.
..... Click the link for more information. Pogrom (from Russian: погром; from "громить" IPA: [grʌˈmʲitʲ]
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Discrimination
Major forms
Racism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Ableism
Manifestations
Slavery · Racial profiling
Hate speech · Hate crime
Genocide · Ethnocide · Holocaust
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Xenophobia is a fear or contempt of foreigners or strangers and people .[1] It comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning "foreigner," "stranger," and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear.
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Discrimination
General forms
Racism Sexism Ageism Religious intolerance Xenophobia
Specific forms
Social
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DiscriminationMajor formsRacism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
..... Click the link for more information. Aryan race" is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendents up to the present day constitute a
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Neo-Nazism (literally new Nazism) is the ideology of post-World War II political movements seeking to revive Nazism.
The specific policies of neo-Nazi groups differ, but they often include allegiance to Adolf Hitler, antisemitism, racism, xenophobia (towards
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White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that white people are superior to other races. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates social and political dominance for whites.
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Black Supremacy is a racist ideology which holds that black people are superior to other races and is sometimes manifested in bigotry towards persons not of African ancestry, particularly white and Jewish people.
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Discrimination
Major forms
Racism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Ableism
Manifestations
Slavery · Racial profiling
Hate speech · Hate crime
Genocide · Ethnocide · Holocaust
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The term women's suffrage refers to an economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women. The movement's origins are usually traced to the United States in the 1820s.
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Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status.
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Discrimination
Major forms
Racism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Ableism
Manifestations
Slavery · Racial profiling
Hate speech · Hate crime
Genocide · Ethnocide · Holocaust
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LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. LGBT refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and their movements include the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement
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