G2 phase
Information about G2 phase
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G2 phase is the third, final, and usually the shortest subphase during interphase within the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes a period of rapid growth to prepare for mitosis. It follows successful completion of DNA synthesis and chromosomal replication during the S phase, and occurs during a period of often four to five hours. This far into interphase the nucleus is well defined, bound by a nuclear envelope and contains at least one nucleolus. Although chromosomes have been replicated they cannot yet be distinguished individually because they are still in the form of loosely packed chromatin fibers. The G2 phase prepares the cell for mitosis (M phase) which is initiated by prophase.
At the end of this gap phase is a control checkpoint (G2 checkpoint) to determine if the cell can proceed to enter M phase and divide. The G2 checkpoint prevents cells from entering mitosis with DNA damaged since the last division, providing an opportunity for DNA repair and stopping the proliferation of damaged cells. Because the G2 checkpoint helps to maintain genomic stability, it is an important focus in understanding the molecular causes of cancer.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. These events can be divided in two broad periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and
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DNA synthesis commonly refers to:
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- DNA replication - DNA biosynthesis (in vivo DNA amplification)
- Polymerase chain reaction - enzymatic DNA synthesis (in vitro DNA amplification)
- Oligonucleotide synthesis - chemical synthesis of nucleic acids
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DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule. This process is important in all known life forms and the general mechanisms of DNA replication are not the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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The S phase, short for synthesis phase, is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1 phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or replication occurs.
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Prophase is a stage of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome (it is at this stage giemsa staining can be applied to elicit G-banding in chromosomes).
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Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression into the next phase.
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Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.
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DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1
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Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts.
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Carcinogenesis (meaning literally, the creation of cancer) is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
Cell division is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances.
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Cell division is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances.
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The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. These events can be divided in two broad periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and
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Definition
Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle, defined only by the absence of cell division. During interphase, the cell obtains nutrients, and duplicates its chromatids. Most eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase...... Click the link for more information.
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The G1 phase is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, after cytokinesis and before the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major period of cell growth during its lifespan...... Click the link for more information.
The S phase, short for synthesis phase, is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1 phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or replication occurs.
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Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.
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Prophase is a stage of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome (it is at this stage giemsa staining can be applied to elicit G-banding in chromosomes).
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Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments and disappears. Microtubles emerging from the centrosomes at the poles (ends) of the spindle reach the chromosomes, now highly
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Metaphase, from the ancient Greek μετα (after) and φασις (stage), is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before
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Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ανα (up) and φασις (stage), is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryotic cell.
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Telophase: The pinching is known as cleavage furrow. Note the decondensing chromosomes.]]
Telophase (sometimes spelled telephase), from the ancient Greek "τελος" (end) and "φασις" (stage), is a stage in either
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Telophase (sometimes spelled telephase), from the ancient Greek "τελος" (end) and "φασις" (stage), is a stage in either
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Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to spawn two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a binucleate cell in two to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one
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Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression into the next phase.
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The restriction point is a G1 phase checkpoint in the cell cycle of animal cells. Cells that progress through this point are committed to enter S phase, where DNA synthesis and replication will occur.
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postreplication checkpoint.[1] This response prevents cell cycle progression until postreplication repair processes are completed, and may control the activity of these DNA repair pathways.
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