Sir Georg Solti, KBE (IPA: [ʃolti]) (German:[ɡeˈoʁk zolti]) (21 October, 1912 – 5 September, 1997) was a world-renowned Hungarian-British orchestral and operatic conductor.

Early career

Solti was born György Stern in Budapest, where he learned the piano and studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music.^[1] His father Germanized young György's given name to Georg and changed his family name to Solti, to shield his son from anti-semitism. By 1935, he was gaining recognition as a conductor, and made his debut at the Budapest Opera in 1938 with The Marriage of Figaro. In 1939, with German invasion imminent, he fled Hungary because of his Jewish ancestry, and moved to Switzerland, where he continued a career as a pianist but had limited opportunities to develop his conducting.

After the war, Solti was music director of the Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich and the Frankfurt Opera. In 1951, he made his debut at the Salzburg Festival conducting Mozart's Idomeneo.

In 1961, Solti became music director at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, serving in that capacity until 1971. There, Solti's bald head and demanding rehearsal style earned him the nickname, The Screaming Skull^[2]. He thereafter spent much of his time in Britain and the United States.

His first marriage to Hedi Oechsli, in 1946, ended in divorce.^[3] His second marriage was to Valerie Pitts, a British television presenter whom he met when she was sent to interview him. They had two daughters, Gabrielle and Claudia. In 1972, he was naturalised as a United Kingdom citizen. He had been awarded an honorary Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1971, and was known as Sir Georg Solti after his naturalisation.

Solti was a great supporter and mentor to many young musicians, including the Hungarian soprano Sylvia Sass, with whom he recorded Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and Bartok's "Bluebeard's Castle." In addition, in 1994, Solti directed the "Solti Orchestral Project" at Carnegie Hall, a training workshop for young American musicians.^[4][5]

Chicago Symphony

Solti was music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) from 1969 until 1991, when he was made the first and only Music Director Laureate in that orchestra's history. Before Solti took over as the CSO's music director, CSO violinist Victor Aitay described Solti's work style as follows:

"Usually conductors are relaxed at rehearsals and tense at the concerts. Solti is the reverse. He is very tense at rehearsals, which makes us concentrate, but relaxed during the performance, which is a great asset to the orchestra."^[6]

In total, Solti conducted 999 performances with the CSO. His 1000th performance was scheduled to be in October 1997, around the time of his 85th birthday. The City of Chicago renamed the block of East Adams Street adjacent to Symphony Center as "Sir Georg Solti Place" in his memory.

Solti consolidated the reputation of the CSO as one of the great orchestras of the world, while never ceasing to remind people how much he owed to the pioneering work of Fritz Reiner, who never toured the orchestra abroad. Solti took the CSO on its first tour to Europe in 1971.^[7] Solti's recordings with the CSO included the complete symphonies of Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, and Gustav Mahler. Solti recorded complete operas with the CSO as well, including:

• Moses und Aron of Arnold Schoenberg
• Otello of Giuseppe Verdi (also performed live at Carnegie Hall)^[8]
• Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg of Richard Wagner^[9][10]

Recordings

Solti was as enthusiastic making music in the recording studio as in the opera house or concert hall. He developed a long and productive partnership with the legendary producer John Culshaw at Decca. Products of this partnership included the first ever complete studio recording of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen with the Vienna Philharmonic (VPO). No less distinguished and equally groundbreaking were his studio recordings of the operas of Richard Strauss, which like his Wagner have been remastered and released on CD where they are still praised for their musicianship and expert production values.^[11] His performances and recordings of works by Giuseppe Verdi, Gustav Mahler and Béla Bartók were also widely admired. In addition to his recordings with the CSO, Solti recorded other repertoire with orchestras such as the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Vienna Philharmonic, such as the two symphonies of Edward Elgar, selected symphonies of Tchaikovsky, William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, Michael Tippett's Symphony No. 4 and Byzantium, and the Da Ponte/Mozart operas.

In addition, Solti collaborated with Dudley Moore to create a 1991 television series, Orchestra!, which was designed to introduce audiences to the symphony orchestra.

Later career

In addition to his tenure in Chicago, Solti was music director of the Orchestre de Paris from 1972 until 1975. From 1979 until 1983, he was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. During this time with the London Philharmonic he performed and recorded many works by Elgar including the two symphonies and the Violin Concerto with Kyung Wha Chung. For the 50th anniversary of the United Nations, Solti formed the World Orchestra for Peace, which consisted of musicians from 47 orchestras around the world.

Solti continued to add new works to his repertoire in the latter days of his career, voicing particular enthusiasm for the music of Dmitri Shostakovich, whom he admitted he failed to appreciate fully during the composer's lifetime. His commercial recordings of Shostakovich symphonies included Nos. 1 (Concertgebouw Orchestra), 5 (VPO), 8, 10, 13 and 15 (all CSO).

Solti never truly retired, and his sudden death in 1997 meant several years of planned performances and recording projects would never be realized. According to his last wish, Solti rests in Hungarian soil. After a state funeral, he was placed beside the remains of Bartók: his one-time tutor and mentor. After Solti's death, his widow and daughters began the Solti Foundation to assist young musicians. In 2002, a website dedicated to Solti was launched, under the instigation of Lady Solti.^[12]

Solti co-wrote his memoirs with Harvey Sachs, published in the UK under the title, Solti on Solti,^[13], Memoirs^[14] in the USA, and Emlékeim in Hungary. The book appeared in the month after his death. His life has also been documented in a film by Peter Maniura entitled Sir Georg Solti: The Making of a Maestro.

In September 2007, as a tribute on the 10th anniversary of Solti's death, a recording of his last concert was released on Decca, a performance with the Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5.^[15]

Awards and recognition

• Sonning Award (1992; Denmark)

Sir Georg Solti holds the record for having received the most Grammy awards. He personally won 31 Grammys, including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and is listed for 38 Grammys (6 went to the engineer and 1 to a soloist); he was nominated an additional 74 times before his death in 1997.

In 2007, his widow Valerie, Lady Solti was made a Cultural Ambassador of Hungary, a honorary title granted by the Hungarian state.

References

External links

• Georg Solti official website
• Georg Solti at All Music Guide

Preceded by Paul Kletzki	Music Director, Dallas Symphony Orchestra 1961-1962	Succeeded by Donald Johanos
Preceded by Rafael Kubelík	Music Director, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden 1961-1971	Succeeded by Colin Davis

•  • [ e] Bayerisches Staatsorchester General Music Directors

Franz Lachner (1836) • Hans von Blow (1867) • Franz Wllner (1870) • Hermann Levi (1872) • Richard Strauss (1894) • Hermann Zumpe (1901) • Felix Mottl (1904) • Bruno Walter (1913) • Hans Knappertsbusch (1922) • Clemens Krauss (1937) • Hans Knappertsbusch (1945) • Georg Solti (1946) • Rudolf Kempe (1952) • Ferenc Fricsay (1956) • Joseph Keilberth (1959) • Wolfgang Sawallisch (1971) • Peter Schneider (1992) • Zubin Mehta (1998) • Kent Nagano (2006)

•  • [ e] Chicago Symphony Orchestra Music Directors
Theodore Thomas (1891) • Frederick Stock (1905) • Dsir Defauw (1943) • Artur Rodziński (1947) • Rafael Kubelk (1950) • Fritz Reiner (1953) • Jean Martinon (1963) • Irwin Hoffman (1968) • Georg Solti (1969) • Daniel Barenboim (1991)

•  • [ e] Orchestre de Paris Music Directors
Charles Mnch (1967) • Herbert von Karajan (1969) • Georg Solti (1972) • Daniel Barenboim (1975) • Semyon Bychkov (1989) • Christoph von Dohnnyi (1998) • Christoph Eschenbach (2000)

•  • [ e] London Philharmonic Orchestra Principal Conductors
Thomas Beecham (1932) • Eduard van Beinum (1947) • Adrian Boult (1950) • William Steinberg (1958) • John Pritchard (1962) • Bernard Haitink (1967) • Georg Solti (1979) • Klaus Tennstedt (1983) • Franz Welser-Mst (1990) • Kurt Masur (2000)