George Davis Snell

Information about George Davis Snell

George Davis Snell (December 19, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.

Work

George Snell shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset for their discoveries concerning "genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". Snell specifically "discovered the genetic factors that determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H antigens."[1]Snell's brilliant work in mice led to the discovery of HLA, the major histocompatibility complex, in humans (and all vertebrates) that is analogous to the H-2 complex in mice. Recognition of these key genes was prerequisite to successful tissue and organ transplantation.

Life

George Snell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, the youngest of three schildren. His father (who was born in Minnesota), worked as a secretary for the local YMCA; he invented a device for winding induction coils for motorboat engines. Snell was educated in the Brookline, Massachusetts schools and then enrolled at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire where he continued his passion for mathematics and science, focusing on genetics. He received his Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth in 1926.

On the recommendation of John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell did graduate work at Harvard University with William E. Castle, the first American biologist to look for Mendelian inheritance in mammals. Snell earned his PhD from Harvard in 1930. His doctoral thesis was on genetic linkage in mice.

Snell then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas with H.J. Muller, who pioneered radiation genetics (and was also to win a Nobel Prize). Not surprisingly, Snell studied the genetic effects of x-rays on mice with Muller.

This experience "served to convince me that research was my real love," Snell wrote in his autobiography.[2]"If it were to be research, mouse genetics was the clear choice and the Jackson Laboratory, founded in 1929 by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, one of Castle's earlier students, almost the inevitable selection as a place to work." The Jackson Laboratory was (and still is) the world's mecca for mouse genetics.

In 1935 Snell joined the staff of the Jackson Lab in Bar Harbor on beautiful Mt. Desert Island by the coast of Maine and he remained there for the entire balance of his long career. In Bar Harbor, he met and married Rhoda Carson. Together they had three sons, Thomas, Roy, and Peter. In his leisure time, Snell enjoyed skiing, a passion he developed during his years at Dartmouth, as well as tennis.

In 1988, he authored a substantial book, Search for a Rational Ethic, on the nature of ethics and the rules by which we live. It includes an evolution-based ethic founded on biological realities that he believed to be applicable to all human beings.

Snell died in Bar Harbor, Maine on June 6, 1996.

External links

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Wolf Prize in Medicine Laureates
George Snell / Jean Dausset / Jon J. van Rood (1978) • Roger Sperry / Arvid Carlsson / Oleh Hornykiewicz (1979) • Csar Milstein / Leo Sachs / James L. Gowans (1980) • Barbara McClintock / Stanley Norman Cohen (1981) • Jean-Pierre Changeux / Solomon H. Snyder / James W. Black (1982) • Donald F. Steiner (1984) • Osamu Hayaishi (1986) • Puedro Cuatrecasas / Meir Wilchek (1987) • Henri G. Hers / Elizabeth F. Neufeld (1988) • John Gurdon / Edward B. Lewis (1989) • Maclyn McCarty (1990) • Seymour Benzer (1991) • Judah Folkman (1992) • Michael Berridge / Yasutomi Nishizuka (1994) • Stanley B. Prusiner (1995) • Mary F. Lyon (1997) • Michael Sela / Ruth Arnon (1998) • Eric Kandel (1999) • Avram Hershko / Alexander Varshavsky (2001) • Ralph L. Brinster / Mario Capecchi / Oliver Smithies (2002) • Robert Weinberg / Roger Y. Tsien (2004) • Alexander Levitzki / Anthony R. Hunter / Anthony Pawson (2005)
I I I I I
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates
Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek (1976) • Roger Guillemin / Andrew W. Schally / Rosalyn Yalow (1977) • Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith (1978) • Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield (1979) • Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell (1980) • Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel (1981) • Sune Bergstrm / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane (1982) • Barbara McClintock (1983) • Niels Jerne / Georges Khler / Csar Milstein (1984) • Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein (1985) • Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) • Susumu Tonegawa (1987) • James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings (1988) • J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus (1989) • Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas (1990) • Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann (1991) • Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs (1992) • Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp (1993) • Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell (1994) • Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus (1995) • Peter Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1996) • Stanley B. Prusiner (1997) • Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad (1998) • Gnter Blobel (1999) • Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel (2000)
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A geneticist is a scientist who studies genetics, the science of heredity and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be a physician, but not always. A geneticist can also be employed as a teacher or researcher.
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organ transplant is the moving of a whole or partial organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patient's own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site.
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Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune
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William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935 Hans Spemann, '' German Empire "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
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Baruj Benacerraf (born 29 October, 1920) is a Venezuelan-American immunologist who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's
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Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset (b. October 19, 1916) is a French immunologist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 along with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell for their discovery and characterisation of the genes making the major
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An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation. We now know that the immune system does not only consist of antibodies.
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The initialism HLA can stand for:

Biochemistry

  • Human leukocyte antigen, a key part of the human immune system, or the paternity test based upon it

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  • High Level Architecture, a distributed computer simulation standard

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Transplantation could refer to any of the following:
  • In medicine, organ transplant refers to the replacement of a defective organ in a body with one from another body.

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Bradford is a former town in Essex County, Massachusetts on the banks of the Merrimack River. It included land that was originally part of Rowley, Massachusetts. It was known as "Merrimac Lands," and "Rowley Village by the Merrimack" and "Merrimack.
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A bachelor's degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years.
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Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League.
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Professor William Ernest Castle (October 25 1867 — June 3 1962) was an early American geneticist.

Early years

William Ernest Castle was born on a farm in Ohio and took an early interest in natural history.
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Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics.
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Linkage generally means "the manner or style of being united", and can refer to:
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Hermann Joseph "H. J." Muller (December 21, 1890 – April 5, 1967) was a Nobel Prize-winning American geneticist and educator, best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (X-ray
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The Jackson Laboratory was founded in Bar Harbor, Maine in 1929 by former University of Maine and University of Michigan president C. C. Little under the name Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory.
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