The Greater Toronto Area (widely abbreviated as the GTA) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. The GTA is a provincial planning area with a population of 5,555,912 at the 2006 Canadian Census.^[1] The Toronto Census Metropolitan Area defined by Statistics Canada is smaller than the GTA planning area and had a population of 5,113,149 at the same 2006 census.^[2]

The Greater Toronto Area is the 6th largest metropolitan area in North America. In addition to the City of Toronto, it includes the Regional Municipalities of York, Halton, Peel and Durham. The term GTA only came into usage in the mid-1990s after it was used in a widely discussed report on municipal governance restructuring in the region.

General information

The Greater Toronto Area is one of North America's fastest-growing urban areas. As an economic area, the GTA consists of the City of Toronto and four regional municipalities in a total area of 7,125 km².^[1] Vast parts of the GTA remain farmland and forests, including protected sections of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Rouge Park and the Niagara Escarpment. All of these areas are protected by the Greenbelt. Nevertheless, low-density suburban developments continue to be built, some on or near ecologically sensitive and protected areas. The government of Ontario has recently attempted to address this issue through the "Places to Grow" proposal which emphasizes higher-density growth in existing urban centres over the next 25 years.

The work force is made up of approximately 2.9 million people, more than 100,000 companies, and a CA$360 billion gross domestic product.. If it was a country, the GTA's GDP would rank approximately 20th in the world. The GTA is Canada's business and manufacturing capital by a large margin. The GTA is home to a number of post-secondary educational institutions, including 4 universities and 7 colleges.

The following regional municipalities are included in describing the Greater Toronto Area:^[4]

• Regional Municipality of Durham
• Regional Municipality of Halton
• Regional Municipality of Peel
• Regional Municipality of York

The City of Toronto is now a single-tier municipality, but before 1998 it had a similar "regional" structure under the name Metropolitan Toronto, and comprised Toronto, York, North York, East York, Etobicoke and Scarborough. Originally, Toronto was called the City of Toronto, and the others were boroughs. Eventually, York and North York were called "cities", though still part of the Toronto Municipal Government. Eventually, the idea of boroughs and cities was discarded and there is now one City of Toronto, with its northern border Steeles Avenue, and its southern border Lake Ontario.

The City of Hamilton, Regional Municipality of Niagara and City of Guelph all have significant ties to Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. Nonetheless, they are geographically distant enough not to be considered part of the GTA, officially or otherwise. It is expected that with current rate of regional growth these areas will one day in the future become part of the Greater Toronto Area. In some cases the provincial government already includes Hamilton and Niagara as part of the GTA for record keeping purposes as well as for transportation planning.

In 2001, Statistics Canada identified four major urban regions exhibiting a cluster pattern of concentrated population growth. Among these regions, the Extended Golden Horseshoe Census Region includes all of the Greater Toronto Area, as well as Niagara, Hamilton, Guelph and Kitchener-Waterloo. Combined, the Extended Golden Horseshoe has a population (as of 2001) of more than 6.7 million people^[1], now estimated at 7.8 million, containing approximately 25% of Canada's population.

The GTA is projected to have 7.7 million residents by 2025.^[5]

Toronto CMA

Some municipalities that are considered part of the GTA are not within Toronto's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) whose land area (5,904 km² in 2006)^[2] and population (5,113,149 as of the 2006 census)^[2] is thus smaller than the land area and population of the GTA planning area. For example, Oshawa, which is the centre of its own CMA, or Burlington, which is included in the Hamilton CMA are both deemed part of the Greater Toronto Area. Other municipalities, such as New Tecumseth in southern Simcoe County and Mono Township in Dufferin County are included in the Toronto CMA but not in the GTA. These different border configurations result in the GTA's population being higher than the Toronto CMA by over one-half million people, often leading to confusion amongst people when trying to sort out the urban population of Toronto.

Other nearby urban areas, such as Hamilton, Barrie or St. Catharines-Niagara and Kitchener-Waterloo are not part of the GTA or the Toronto CMA, but form their own CMAs that are in fairly close proximity to the GTA (all within one hour's drive to downtown Toronto). Ultimately, all the aforementioned places are part of the Golden Horseshoe metropolitan region, an urban agglomeration which is the sixth most populous in North America.

Area codes

The Greater Toronto Area is served by seven distinct area codes. Before 1993, the GTA used the 416 area code. In a 1993 zone split, the City of Toronto retained the 416 code, while the rest of the Greater Toronto Area was assigned the new area code 905. This division by area code has become part of the local culture to the point where local media refer to something inside Toronto as "the 416" and outside of Toronto as "the 905". Though for the most part this was correct, it is not entirely true as some portions of Durham Region use the 705 area code, and some portions of Halton and Peel Regions use the 519 area code. Furthermore, there are areas, such as Port Hope, Ontario, that use the 905 area code, but are not part of the GTA.

To meet the increased demand for phone numbers, two overlay area codes were introduced in 2001. Area code 647 (supplementing the 416 area code) was introduced in March 2001 and area code 289 (supplementing the 905 area code) was introduced in July 2001. In 2006, area code 226 was created as an overlay, supplementing the 519 area code. As well, individuals within the 905 area code region may have to dial long distance to reach each other; although residents of Mississauga and Hamilton share the same area code (905), an individual from Toronto, for example, would have to dial "1" (long distance code before 905) to reach Hamilton, but not to reach Mississauga. Ten-digit telephone dialling, including the area code for local calls, is required throughout the GTA region.

Transportation

Most of the GTA is served by GO Transit, a regional transportation authority that connects Toronto's suburban areas to its downtown. The GTA also has the largest and busiest freeway network in Canada, consisting mainly of 400-Series Highways and supplemented by municipal expressways.

A list of public transit operators in the GTA:

• Toronto Transit Commission - Toronto, Markham, Richmond Hill, Vaughan
• York Region Transit - Markham, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Aurora, Newmarket
• Durham Region Transit - Pickering, Ajax, Whitby, Oshawa, Clarington, Brock, Scugog, Uxbridge
• Mississauga Transit - Mississauga, Brampton, Toronto, Oakville
• Brampton Transit - Mississauga, Brampton, Toronto, Vaughan
• Oakville Transit - Oakville, Mississauga
• Burlington Transit - Burlington, Oakville, Hamilton
• GO Transit - inter-regional service

A list of major roadways in the GTA:

• 407 ETR - York Region, Peel Region, Durham Region
• Highway 403 (Ontario) - Peel Region, Halton Region
• Highway 427 (Ontario) - York Region, Toronto
• Highway 410 (Ontario) - Peel Region
• Highway 409 (Ontario) - Toronto
• Highway 404 (Ontario) - York Region, Toronto
• Highway 401 (Ontario) - Durham Region, Toronto, Peel Region, Halton Region
• Highway 400 (Ontario) - York Region, Toronto
• Queen Elizabeth Way - Peel Region, Halton Region
• F.G. Gardiner Expressway (Formerly Highway 2) - Toronto
• Don Valley Parkway - Toronto

Politics

There has been a growing tension between Toronto and the surrounding GTA area since the mid 1990s, with Toronto complaining that it has been economically exploited by its neighbours. The election of the Harris government was attributed to his support base in the suburban "905" region. During his time in office, many provincial services were downloaded to the municipal level, which caused great financial strain on an already indebted city. Although the succeeding McGuinty government has attempted to address this imbalance, Torontonians feel that his attempts are half-hearted because McGuinty also had significant "905" support during his 2003 election victory.

Most of the "905" municipalities have few cultural institutions, despite their significant populations. For instance, Mississauga is one of the largest cities in Canada by population but has no daily newspaper, television stations, or commercial radio stations. Despite having attracted significant investment over the last few decades, the surrounding cities are still considered bedroom suburbs of Toronto rather than independent municipalities, and as a result many are virtually unknown outside of Ontario. Prior to the municipal amalgamations that took place with the introduction of regional government, Oshawa was the only nearby city with a significant population and recognition.

See also

• Metropolitan Toronto
• Canadian National Exhibition
• Golden Horseshoe
• Greater Toronto Transit Authority
• Greater Toronto Transportation Authority
• Greater Toronto Services Board
• Greater Toronto Bioregion and Oak Ridges Moraine
• Greater Toronto Hockey League
• Greater Toronto Airports Authority
• Greater Montreal Area
• Greater Vancouver

References

External links

• Statistics Canada 2001 Community Profiles
• Greater Toronto Marketing Alliance

•  • [ e] Inner Ring of Golden Horseshoe
Largest City:	Toronto
Regions:	Durham Region • Halton Region • Peel Region • York Region • City of Hamilton • Niagara Region
Cities:	Brampton • Burlington • Mississauga • Niagara Falls • Oshawa • Pickering • Port Colborne • St. Catharines • Thorold • Vaughan • Welland
Towns and Major Communities:	Ajax • Aurora • Bolton • Bowmanville • Brock • Buttonville • Caledon • Clarington • Concord • East Gwillimbury • Fort Erie • Georgina • Grimsby • Lincoln • Halton Hills • Keswick • King • Kleinburg • Maple • Markham • Milton • Newmarket • Niagara-on-the-Lake • Oakville • Pelham • Richmond Hill • Scugog • Sutton • Thornhill • Unionville • Uxbridge • Whitby • Whitchurch-Stouffville • Woodbridge

•  • [ e] Subdivisions of Ontario
Regions	Eastern Ontario Central Ontario Golden Horseshoe Greater Toronto Area Southwestern Ontario Northern Ontario Northeastern Ontario Northwestern Ontario
Counties	Bruce Dufferin Elgin Essex Frontenac Grey Haliburton Hastings Huron Lambton Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Middlesex Northumberland Perth Peterborough Prescott and Russell Renfrew Simcoe Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Wellington
Districts	Algoma Cochrane Kenora Manitoulin Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River Sudbury Thunder Bay Timiskaming
Regional municipalities	Durham Halton Muskoka Niagara Oxford Peel Waterloo York
Single-tier municipalities	Brant Brantford Chatham-Kent Greater Sudbury Haldimand Hamilton Kawartha Lakes Norfolk Ottawa Prince Edward Toronto
Separated municipalities	Barrie Belleville Brantford Brockville Gananoque Guelph Kingston London Orillia Pembroke Peterborough Prescott Quinte West Smiths Falls St. Marys St. Thomas Stratford Timmins Windsor
See also	List of communities in Ontario

•  • [ e] Canadian Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) by size

Toronto, ON Montreal, QC Vancouver, BC Ottawa–Gatineau, ON/QC Calgary, AB Edmonton, AB Quebec City, QC Winnipeg, MB Hamilton, ON London, ON Kitchener, ON St. Catharines-Niagara, ON Halifax, NS Oshawa, ON Victoria, BC Windsor, ON Saskatoon, SK Regina, SK Sherbrooke, QC St. John's, NL Barrie, ON Kelowna, BC Abbotsford, BC Greater Sudbury, ON Kingston, ON Saguenay, QC Trois-Rivires, QC Guelph, ON Moncton, NB Brantford, ON Thunder Bay, ON Saint John, NB Peterborough, ON