Gujarati ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī
Pronunciation:	/gudʒ.(ə)'ɾat̪i/
Spoken in:	India, Pakistan, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, U.S., UK, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, Zimbabwe
Total speakers:	46.1 million[1]
Ranking:	26
Language family:	}}}  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Western Indo-Aryan     Gujarati}}}
Writing system:	Gujarati script
Official status
Official language of:	Gujarat (India)[1][2]
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	gu
ISO 639-2:	guj
ISO 639-3:	guj

Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī; also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, and Guujaratee^[3]) is an Indo-Aryan language descending from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

There are about 46 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the "father of Pakistan" and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the "iron man of India".

History

Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages^[3]:

1. Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit)
2. Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas)
3. New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc.)

Another view accords successive family, tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages^[6]:

1. IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as stops becoming voiced in the Northern (Skt. danta "tooth" > Punj. dānd) and dental and retroflex sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. sandhya "evening" > Beng. śājh).^[7]
2. Western, into Central and Southern.
3. Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verbs and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani.^[3]
4. Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive marker -n- during the 15th century.^[8]

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following^[6]:

• Phonological
• Loss of phonemic length for vowels
• Change of consonant clusters to geminate and then to single consonants (with compensatory vowel length)

English	Sanskrit	Prakrit	Gujarati	Ref
hand	hasta	hattha	hāth	[9]
seven	sapta	satta	sāt	[10]
eight	aṣṭā	aṭṭha	āṭh	[11]
snake	sarpa	sappa	sāp	[12]

• Morphological
• Reduction in the number of compounds
• Merger of the dual with plural
• Replacement of case affixes by postpositions
• Development of periphrastic tense/voice/mood constructions
• Syntax
• Split ergativity
• More complex agreement system

Gujarati is customarily divided into the following three historical stages^[3]:

• Old Gujarati (1100 — 1500 AD), ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani,^[4] was spoken by the Gurjars in northern Gujarat and western Rajasthan. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.^[6] It had 3 genders as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct at the time. Also factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the /ũ/ that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine /o/ after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter /ũ/.^[14] A formal grammar of the precursor to this language (Gurjar Apabhraṃśa) was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Rajput king Siddharaj Jayasinh of Anhilwara (Patan). It was called Siddhahaima Apabhraṃśa Vyākaraṇa.^[15][16]
  • Middle Gujarati (1500 — 1800 AD), split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch-, and the possessive marker -n-.^[17]
  • Modern Gujarati (1800 AD — ). The third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.^[16]
  • 1840s, personal diary composition; Nityanondh, Durgaram Mahetaji.
  • 1851, first essay; Maniaḷī Maḷvāthi thātā Lābh, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.
  • 1866, first novel; Karaṇ Ghelo, Nandashankar Mehta.
  • 1866, first autobiography; Mārī Hakīkat, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.

  Demographics and Distribution

  

  Indo-Aryan languages spoken in South Asia
  Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati, roughly 45.5 million reside in India, 150 000 in Uganda, 250 000 in Tanzania, 50 000 in Kenya and roughly 100 000 in Pakistan.^[1] There is also a large Gujarati community in Mumbai, India.
  
  The United Kingdom has 300 000 speakers, many of them situated in the London areas of Wembley, Harrow and Newham and in Leicester, Coventry and Bradford. A considerable population exists in North America as well. A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly-independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled 50 000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. Most, with British passports, settled in the UK.^[4][18]
  
  Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan, the Kutchis (as a literary language)^[4], and the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue).

  Official status

  Gujarati is one of the 22 official languages and 14 regional languages of India. It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.

  Dialects

  As with most languages, Gujarati comes in numerous regional dialects that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and/or grammar. Some dialects have many Arabic and Persian borrowings, while others, such as the southern dialects, take more from Portuguese and English, while others take more from Hindi. Ethnologue lists the following dialects and subdivisions.^[1]
  • Standard Gujarati
  • Saurashtra Standard
  • Nagari
  • Bombay Gujarati
  • Patnuli
  • Gamadia
  • Gramya
  • Surati
  • Anawla
  • Brathela
  • Eastern Broach Gujarati
  • Charotari
  • Patidari
  • Vadodari
  • Ahmedabad Gamadia
  • Patani
  • Parsi
  • Kathiyawadi
  • Jhalawadi
  • Sorathi
  • Holadi
  • Gohilwadi
  • Bhavnagari
  • Kharwa
  • Khakari
  • Tarimukhi
  • Ghisadi

  Closely related languages

  Kutchi, also known as Khojki, is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi.

  Phonology

  Main article: Gujarati phonology

  Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Mid e ə o ɛ ɔ Open a

  Consonants Bilabial Labio- dental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alveolar/ Palatal Velar Glottal Stop p pʰ b bʱ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ g gʱ Affricate ʧ ʧʰ ʤ ʤʱ Nasal m n ɳ Fricative s ʃ ɦ Tap or Flap ɾ Approximants ʋ j Lateral approximant l ɭ

  Writing system

  Main article: Gujarati script

  Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.
  
  Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district.
  
  There are many possible romanization schemes for Gujarati, initially created to represent Sanskrit/Devanagari. Used here and with all specimens of Gujarati on Wikipedia unless otherwise noted, is the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST), most often in italicized form.

  Vocabulary

  Categorization and Sources

  These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords.^[20]

  Tadbhav

  તદ્ભવ્ tadbhav, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:
  
  

  Old Indo-Aryan		Gujarati		Ref
  I	aham	huṃ		[21]
  falls, slips	khasati	khasvuṃ	to move	[22]
  causes to move	arpayati	āpvuṃ	to give	[23]
  school	nayaśālā	niśāḷ		[24]
  attains to, obtains	prāpnoti	pāmvuṃ		[25]
  tiger	vyāghra	vāgh		[26]
  equal, alike, level	sama	samuṃ	right, sound	[27]
  all	sarva	sau		[28]

  Tatsam

  તત્સમ્ tatsam, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

  Tatsam Word	English	Participle	Notes	Gujarati equivalent
  પરિક્ષા parikṣā	test	-ā	Feminine gender marker	-ī
  પરિક્ષિત parikṣit	tested	-it	"-ed"	-eluṃ
  પરિક્ષણ parikṣaṇ	testing	-aṇ	"-ing"	-vānuṃ

  Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it's used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ. Though most people just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.
  
  So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence: dharma-dharam, other times with differences in meaning, with the former holding a "higher" one:

  Tatsam		Tadbhav
  karma	Work — Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.	kām	Simply... work.
  kṣetra	Field — Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; khāngī kṣetra → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; raṇǎkṣetra → battlefield.	khetar	Regular old field, such as to farm on.

  
  
  What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has many centuries of history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are/were nation-wide, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it's being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

  Perso-Arabic

  Gujarat was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims. As a consequence the language was changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo - claim, fāydo - benefit, natījo - result, and humlo - attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānuṃ - compartment, has the neuter uṃ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvuṃ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvuṃ - to admit (fault), kharīdvuṃ - to buy, kharǎcvuṃ - to spend (money), gujarvuṃ - to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.
  
  Thus, while Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi, Nepali, and Bengali are conservative in their lexicons, central and western/northwestern tongues like Punjabi, Hindustani, Sindhi, and Gujarati have been Persianized. The most resounding occurrence of this was that of the Delhi dialect of Hindustani; Delhi being the seat of Muslim power. Its Persianization and subsequent dePersianization and Sanskritization lead to the reality of the two registers if not languages of Urdu and Hindi, which became the national languages of Pakistan and India. Gujarati is not split in this way, but nonetheless its loaning is to be noted.
  
  Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter uṃ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago^[29].
  
  

  NOUNS												ADJECTIVES
  MASC				NEU				FEM
  fāydo	gain, advantage, benefit	A	[30]	khānuṃ	compartment	P	[31]	kharīdī	purchase(s), shopping	P	[32]	tājuṃ	fresh	P	[33]
  humlo	attack	A	[34]	makān	house, building	A	[35]	śardī	cold	P	[36]	juduṃ	different, separate	P	[37]
  dāvo	claim	A	[38]	nasīb	luck	A	[39]	bāju	side	P	[40]	najīk	near	P	[41]
  natījo	result, outcome	A	[42]	śaher	city	P	[43]	cījh	thing	P	[44]	kharāb	bad	A	[45]
  gusso	anger	P	[46]	medān	plain	P	[47]	jindgī	life	P	[48]	lāl	red	P	[49]

  
  
  Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates^[50]:
  
  

  Persian	INDO-ARYAN	English
  marǎd	martya	man, mortal
  stān	sthān	place, land
  ī	īya	<adjectival suffix>
  band	bandh	closed, fastened

  
  
  Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.^[51] Also, the Dawoodi Bohra community of India and Pakistan speak an Arabicised version of Gujarati, devised in the last 30 years or so, with an Arabic-style script.

  English

  

  śrī sarasvatī fruṭ jyuś senṭar - Shri Saraswati Fruit Juice Center. Note that "Fruit Juice Center" are English words. A Sanskritic alternative would be phaḷ ras kendra, or phaḷnā rasno kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound quite pedantic and out of place.
  With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere dominance in the post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.^[52] See Hinglish, Code-switching.
  
  In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English.
  
  As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.
  
  

  bâṅk	bank	phon	phone	ṭebal	table	bas	bus	rabbar	eraser	ṭorc	flashlight	dôkṭar	doctor	rasīd	receipt	minaṭ miniṭ	minute
  helo halo hālo	hello	hôspiṭal aspitāl ispitāl	hospital	sṭeśan ṭeśan	station	sāykal	(bi)cycle	rum	room	āis krīm	ice cream	rôbaṭ	robot	ṭāym	time	ṭikiṭ ṭikaṭ	ticket
  aṅkal1	uncle	āṇṭī1	auntie	pākīṭ	wallet	kavar	envelope	noṭ	banknote	skūl	school	ṭyuśan	tuitoring	esī	AC	sleṭ	slate

  • ¹ These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and aunts but are of the age.

  Portuguese

  The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (See Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages#India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages^[53] and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals^[54]. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ].^[29]
  
  

  Gujarati	Meaning	Portuguese
  istrī	iron	estirar1
  mistrī ²	carpenter	mestre³
  sābu	soap	sabão
  cāvī	key	chave
  tamāku	tobacco	tabaco
  kobī	cabbage	couve
  cāju	cashew	caju
  pāuṃ	bread	pão
  baṭāko	potato	batata
  anānas	pineapple	ananás
  pādrī	'father'	padre
  aṅgrej(ī)	English	inglês

  
  
  

  ¹ "Lengthen".

  ² Common occupational surname.

  ³ "Master".

  Numerals

  Cardinal

  Gujarati numbers are somewhat irregular compared to English. The following look to be the standard spellings^[55], though pronunciation varies.
  
  

  0 mīṇḍuṃ 1 ek 2 be 3 traṇ 4 cār 5 pāṃc 6 cha 7 sāt 8 āṭh 9 nav 10 das 11 agiyār 12 bār 13 ter 14 caud 15 pandar 16 soḷ 17 sattar 18 aḍhār 19 ogaṇīs

  20 vīs 21 ekvīs 22 bāvīs 23 trevīs 24 covīs 25 paccīs 26 chavīs 27 sattāvīs 28 aṭhṭhāvīs 29 ogaṇtrīs 30 trīs 31 ekatrīs 32 betrīs 33 tetrīs 34 cotrīs 35 pāṃtrīs 36 chatrīs 37 sāḍatrīs 38 āḍatrīs 39 ogaṇcāḷīs

  40 cāḷīs 41 ektāḷīs 42 betāḷīs 43 tetāḷīs 44 cummāḷīs 45 pistāḷīs 46 cheṃtāḷīs 47 suḍtāḷīs 48 aḍtāḷīs 49 ogaṇpacās 50 pacās 51 ekāvan 52 bāvan 53 trepan 54 copan 55 pañcāvan 56 chappan 57 sattāvan 58 aṭhṭhāvan 59 ogaṇsāṭh

  60 sāṭh 61 eksaṭh 62 bāsaṭh 63 tresaṭh 64 cosaṭh 65 pāṃsaṭh 66 chāsaṭh 67 saḍsaṭh 68 aḍsaṭh 69 ogaṇoter 70 sitter 71 ekoter 72 boṃter 73 toṃter 74 cummoter 75 pañcoter 76 choṃter 77 sītoter 78 īṭhoter 79 ogaṇeṃsī

  80 eṃsī 81 ekyāsī 82 byāsī 83 tyāsī 84 coṃrāsī 85 pañcyāsī 86 chyāsī 87 satyāsī 88 aṭhyāsī 89 nevvāsī 90 nevuṃ 91 ekṇuṃ 92 bāṇuṃ 93 trāṇuṃ 94 corāṇuṃ 95 pañcāṇuṃ 96 chāṇṇuṃ 97 sattāṇuṃ 98 aṭhṭhāṇuṃ 99 navāṇuṃ

  
  
  After one hundred, numbers are regular and strung together in the same order as English, except that there is no "and". After one thousand, groupings are in hundreds. In gender, cardinals below nineteen are masculine, and nineteen and above are feminine.^[56]
  
  

  100	so
  1 000	hajār
  1 00 000	lākh
  1 00 00 000	kroḍ
  1 00 00 00 000	abaj

  Ordinal^[57]

  1st	paheluṃ
  2nd	bījuṃ
  3rd	trījuṃ
  4th	cothuṃ
  6th	chaṭhṭhuṃ

  
  
  For everything else it's the cardinal appended with muṃ.

  Fractions^[58]

  Gujarati has a colloquial set of fractions. For precision and mathematics, the Sanskritic system is used.
  
  

  Fraction	Noun	Adjectival modification of
  		1, 2	3-99	so, hajār, lākh	Non-number
  pā	0.25				25%
  ardhuṃ	0.50			50%
  poṇuṃ		-0.25		-25%
  savā		+0.25		+25%
  sāḍā			+0.50
  doḍh	1.5			150%
  aḍhī	2.5			250%

  Loans into English

  Bungalow?

  Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

  
  
  Coolie?

  Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

  
  
  Tank?

  Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

  Grammar

  Main article: Gujarati grammar

  Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are three genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'.^[59]

  Sample Text

  

  Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)
  Gujarati script ?
  
  

  ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડ?

  
  
  

  જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરીનાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથીજ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.

  
  
  

  તા.૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.

  
  
  Transliteration —
  
  

  gāndhījīnī jhūṃpḍī-Karāḍi

  
  
  

  jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījīe ahīṃ āmbānā vṛkṣ nīce khajūrīnāṃ chaṭiyāṃnī ek jhūṃpḍīmāṃ tā.14-4-1930thī tā.4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmāṃ chaṭhṭhī eprile śarū karelī nimak kānūn bhaṅgnī laḍatne temṇe ahīṃthī veg āpī deś vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahīṃthīj temṇe dharāsaṇānā mīṭhānā agaro taraph kūc karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôyne patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato.

  
  
  

  tā.4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiś sarkāre temnī dharpakaḍ karī hatī.

  
  
  Simple gloss ?
  
  

  gandhiji's hut-karadi

  
  
  

  world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight(-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.

  
  
  

  date.4-from may 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from british government his arrest done was.

  
  
  Transliteration and detailed gloss ?

  gāndhījī-n-ī	jhūṃpḍ-ī-Ø	Karāḍi
  gandhiji–GEN–FEM	hut–FEM–SG	karadi

  
  
  

  jag	prasiddh	dāṇḍī	kūc	pachī	gāndhījī-e	ahīṃ	āmb-ā-Ø-n-ā	vṛkṣ	nīce
  world	famous	dandi	march	after	gandhiji–ERG	here	mango–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	tree	under

  
  
  

  khajūr-ī-Ø-n-āṃ	chaṭiy-āṃ-n-ī	ek	jhūṃpḍ-ī-Ø-māṃ	tā.	14 4 1930thī	tā.	4 5 1930	sudhi
  palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBL	bark–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBL	one	hut–FEM–SG–in	date	14 4 1930–from	date		until

  
  
  

  nivās	kar-y-o	ha-t-o	.	dāṇḍī-māṃ	chaṭhṭhī	epril-e	śarū	kar-el-ī	nimak	kānūn
  residence.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOM	do–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG		dandi–in	sixth	April–at	started	do–PAST.PTCP–FEM	salt	law

  
  
  

  bhaṅg-n-ī	laḍat-Ø-ne	te-m-ṇe	ahīṃ-thī	veg	āp-ī	deś	vyāpi
  break–GEN–FEM.OBL	fight.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	here–from	speed–OBJ	give–CONJUNCTIVE	country	wide

  
  
  

  ban-āv-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.	ahīṃ-thī-j	te-m-ṇe	dharāsaṇā-n-a
  become–CAUS–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM		here–from–INTENSIFIER	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	dharasana–GEN–MASC.PL

  
  
  

  mīṭh-ā-n-ā	agar-o	taraph	kūc	kar-v-ā-n-o	potā-n-o
  salt–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PL	mound.MASC–PL	towards	march.MASC.SG	do–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG	REFL–GEN–MASC.SG

  
  
  

  saṅkalp	briṭiś	vāīsarôy-Ø-ne	patra	lakh-īne	jaṇ-āv-y-o	ha-t-o	.	tā.
  resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACC	British	viceroy.OBJ–SG–DAT	letter	write–CONJUNCTIVE	know–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG		date

  
  
  

  4-thī	me	1930-n-ī	rāt-Ø-n-ā	bār	vāg-y-ā	pachī	ā	sthaḷ-e-thī	briṭis
  4-from	may	1930–GEN–FEM.OBL	night.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	twelve	strike–PERF–OBL	after	3.PROX	place–at–from	British

  
  
  

  sarkār-e	te-m-n-ī	dharpakaḍ	kar-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.
  government–ERG	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM	arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC	do–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM

  
  
  Translation (by Wikipedia) ?
  
  

  Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

  
  
  

  After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on April the 6th. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve in marching towards the salt mounds of Dharasana.

  
  
  

  The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th of May, 1930.

  
  
  Translation (provided at location) ?
  
  

  Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

  
  
  

  Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on April 6 at Dandi and turned it into a nation wide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.

  
  
  

  This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on May 4, 1930.

  Common Words, Phrases, and Idioms

  Gujarati	Transliteration	English	Notes
  કેમ છો?	kem cho?	How are you?	The Gujarati greeting.
  નમસ્તે, નમસ્કાર	namaste, namaskār	Greetings	Formal pan-Indian (or rather perhaps, pan-Hindu) greetings.
  તમે ગુજરાતી બોલો છો?	tame gujarātī bolo cho?	Do you speak Gujarati?	The pronoun tame and the os following bol and ch are honorific. They'd be equivalent to French's vous and parlez.
  હું ગુજરાતી બોલું છું	huṃ gujarātī boluṃ chuṃ	I speak Gujarati
  મને ગુજરાતી (બોલતા) આવડે છે	mane gujarātī (boltā) āvḍe che	I know (how to speak) Gujarati
  અંગ્રેજી	aṅgrejī	English	Traditional Portuguese loan; ઇંગ્લિશ iṅgliś is equally well understood.
  સારું	sāruṃ	Good	The end vowel uṃ signifies that this adjective is variable. It agrees with what it describes. The root is sār and the appropriate agreement vowel is slotted in behind it. Right now that vowel is singular neuter uṃ, default for when the variable is alone and not describing (agreeing with) something.
  ખરાબ	kharāb	Bad	Arabic loan.
  તમારું નામ શું છે?	tamāruṃ nām śuṃ che?	What is your name?	tamāruṃ "Your" is honorific. French: votre.
  મારું નામ ___ છે	māruṃ nām ___ che	My name is ___	Name is a neuter noun.
  ગુજરાતીમાં ___(ને) શું કેવાય?	gujarātīmāṃ ___(ne) śuṃ kevāy?	What is ___ called in Gujarati?
  હા, હાંજી	hā, hāṃjī	Yes	In increasing formality.
  ના, નાજી	nā, nājī	No
  આવજો	āvjo	Bye	lit. Do come
  ને?	ne?	Eh?, Right?, Isn't it?
  બસ	bas	That's it!, Enough!, Just...	Persian loan.
  શું થયું?	śuṃ thayuṃ?	What happened?
  મને ___ ગમે છે	mane ___ game che	I like ___	approx. lit. ___ is (being) likeable to me; note the OSV word order.
  કેટલાં વાગ્યાં?	keṭlāṃ vāgyāṃ?	What time is it?	lit. How many did it strike?
  સંભાળજો	sambhāḷjo	Take care
  મારું માથું ન ખા	māruṃ māthuṃ na khā	Don't bother me	lit. Do not eat my head
  ... કે ન પૂછવાની વાત	ke na pūchvānī vāt	... that you wouldn't believe it	lit. an un-ask-able talk or a talk not to (be) ask(ed)

  See also

  • Gujarati grammar
  • Gujarati script
  • Gujarati phonology
  • Languages of India
  • List of national languages of India
  • List of Indian languages by total speakers
  • Gujarati people

  References

  1. ^
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  4. ^ Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. "Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)". Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
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  14. ^ Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.
  15. ^ Gujarati – Language from the Land of the Gujjars. BhashaIndia.com
  16. ^ Yashaschandra, S. (1995) "Towards Hind Svaraj: An Interpretation of the Rise of Prose in

Nineteenth-Century Gujarati Literature." Social Scientist. Vol. 23, No. 10/12. pp. 41-55.
17. ^
18. ^
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20. ^ Snell, R. (2000) Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 83-86.
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