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Western Philosophers 20th-century philosophy Hannah Arendt
Name:	Hannah Arendt
Birth:	October 14, 1906 (Hanover (Linden), Germany)
Death:	December 4, 1975 (New York, United States)
School/tradition:	Phenomenology
Main interests:	Politics, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Greek philosophy, technology, Ontology, modernity, philosophy of history
Influences:	Pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Jesus, Paul, Duns Scotus, Saint Augustine, Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Kant, Tocqueville, Marx, Heidegger, Russell, Jaspers, Benjamin
Influenced:	Jürgen Habermas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Giorgio Agamben , Seyla Benhabib, Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Michael Jackson (anthropology), Reinhart Koselleck, Hanna Pitkin, Michael Marrus, Quentin Skinner, J. G. A. Pocock, Philip Pettit, Alain Finkielkraut, Julia Kristeva

Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German Jewish political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she always refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular". She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact that "men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world."

Biography

Hannah Arendt was born into a family of secular Jews in the city of Linden (now part of Hanover), and grew up in Königsberg and Berlin.

At the University of Marburg, she studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger, with whom she embarked on a long, stormy romantic relationship that was criticized because of Heidegger's membership in the Nazi party.

In the wake of one of their breakups, Arendt moved to Heidelberg, where she wrote her dissertation on the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine, under the existentialist philosopher-psychologist Karl Jaspers.

She married Günther Stern, later known as Günther Anders, in 1929 in Berlin (they divorced in 1937).

The dissertation was published the same year, but Arendt was prevented from habilitating, a prerequisite for teaching in German universities, because she was Jewish. She worked for some time researching anti-Semitism before being interrogated by the Gestapo, and thereupon fled Germany for Paris. Here she met and befriended the literary critic and Marxist philosopher Walter Benjamin, her first husband's cousin. While in France, Arendt worked to support and aid Jewish refugees. She was imprisoned in Camp Gurs for a couple of weeks.

However, with the German military occupation of parts of France following the French declaration of war during World War II, and the deportation of Jews to Nazi concentration camps, Arendt was forced to flee France. In 1940, she married the German poet and Marxist philosopher Heinrich Blücher.

In 1941, Arendt escaped with her husband and her mother to the United States with the assistance of the American diplomat Hiram Bingham IV, who illegally issued visas to her and around 2500 other Jewish refugees. She then became active in the German-Jewish community in New York. In 1941-1945, she wrote a column for the German-language Jewish newspaper, Der Aufbau. From 1944, she directed research for the Commission of European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction and traveled frequently to Germany in this capacity. ^[1]

After World War II she returned to Germany and worked for Youth Aliyah. Later she resumed relations with Heidegger, and testified on his behalf in a German denazification hearing. She became a close friend of Jaspers and his Jewish wife,^[2] developing a deep intellectual friendship with him and began corresponding with Mary McCarthy.^[3] In 1950, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Arendt served as a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University and Northwestern University. She also served as a professor on the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, as well as at The New School in New York City, and served as a fellow at Yale University and Wesleyan University. In 1959, she became the first woman appointed to a full professorship at Princeton.

On her death at age 69 in 1975, Arendt was buried at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, where her husband taught for many years.

Arendt was instrumental in the creation of Structured Liberal Education (SLE) at Stanford University. She wrote a letter to the then president of Stanford University to convince the university to enact Mark Mancall's vision of a residentially-based humanities program.

Works

Arendt's work deals with the nature of power, and the subjects of politics, authority, and totalitarianism. Much of her work focuses on affirming a conception of freedom which is synonymous with collective political action among equals.

Arendt theorizes freedom as public and associative, drawing on examples from the Greek "polis," American townships, the Paris Commune, and the civil rights movements of the 1960's (among others) to illustrate this conception of freedom.

Another key concept in her work is "natality," the capacity to bring something new into the world, such as the founding of a government that endures.

Arguably her most influential work, The Human Condition (1958) distinguishes between labour, work, and action, and explores the implications of these distinctions. Her theory of political action is extensively developed in this work.

Her first major book was The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), which traced the roots of Stalinist Communism and Nazism in both anti-Semitism and imperialism. The book was controversial because it suggested an essential identity between the two phenomena, which some believe to be separate in both origins and nature.

In her reporting of the Eichmann trial for The New Yorker, which evolved into the book Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), she coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann. She raised the question of whether evil is radical or simply a function of banality - the tendency of ordinary people to obey orders and conform to mass opinion without critically thinking about the results of their action or inaction. Arendt was extremely critical of the way that Israel conducted the trial. She was also critical of the way that many Jewish leaders acted during the Holocaust, which caused an enormous controversy and resulted in a great deal of animosity directed toward Arendt within the Jewish community. (The book was translated into Hebrew only recently, many decades after it was written.) Nevertheless, Arendt ended the book by endorsing the execution of Eichmann, writing: "Just as you supported and carried out a policy of not wanting to share the earth with the Jewish people and the people of a number of other nations - as though you and your superiors had any right to determine who should and who should not inhabit the world - we find that no one, that is, no member of the human race, can be expected to want to share the earth with you. This is the reason, and the only reason, you must hang."

Arendt published another book in the same year that was controversial in its own right: "On Revolution," a study of the two most famous revolutions of the 18th century. Arendt went against the grain of traditional Marxist and leftist thought by contending that the American Revolution was a successful revolution while the French Revolution was not. The argument echoed that of Edmund Burke, but Arendt also argued that the revolutionary spirit had not been preserved in America because the majority of people had no role to play in politics other than voting. She admired Thomas Jefferson's idea of dividing the counties into townships, similar to the soviets that appeared during the Russian Revolution. Arendt's interest in such a "council system," which she saw as the only alternative to the state, continued all her life.

Her posthumous book, The Life of the Mind (1978/edited by Mary McCarthy), was incomplete when she died, but is still widely read in its current form. Stemming from her Gifford Lectures in University of Aberdeen, this book focuses on the mental faculties of thinking and willing (in a sense moving beyond her previous work concerning the vita activa). In her discussion of thinking, she focuses mainly on Socrates and his notion of thinking as a solitary dialogue between me and myself. This appropriation of Socrates leads her to introduce novel concepts of conscience (which gives no positive prescriptions, but instead tells me what I cannot do if I would remain friends with myself when I re-enter the two-in-one of thought where I must render an account of my actions to myself) and morality (an entirely negative enterprise concerned with non-participation in certain actions for the sake of remaining friends with one's self). In her volume on Willing, Arendt, relying heavily on Augustine's notion of the will, discusses the will as an absolutely free mental faculty that makes new beginnings possible. In the third volume, Arendt was planning to engage the faculty of judgment by appropriating Kant's Critique of Judgment, however she never lived to write it. Nevertheless, although we will never fully understand her notion of judging, Arendt did leave us with manuscripts ("Thinking and Moral Considerations," "Some Questions on Moral Philosophy," and lectures (Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy ) concerning her thoughts on this mental faculty. First two articles were edited and published by Jerome Kohn, who was an assistant of Arendt and is a director of Hannah Arendt Library, and last one was edited and published by Ronald Beiner, who was taught by Arendt and is a professor of University of Toronto.

Commemoration

• The asteroid 100027 Hannaharendt is named in her honour.
• The German railway authority operates a Hannah Arendt Express between Karlsruhe and Hanover.^[4]
• The German post office has issued a Hannah Arendt commemorative stamp.
• Hannah-Arendt-Straße in the Mitte district of Berlin is named in her honor.

Selected works

• Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin. Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation (1929)
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
• Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewish Woman (1958)
• The Human Condition (1958)
• Between Past and Future (1961)
• On Revolution (1962)
• Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (1963)
• Men in Dark Times (1968)
• Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution (1969)
  "Civil Disobedience" originally appeared, in somewhat different form, in The New Yorker. Versions of the other essays originally appeared in The New York Review of Books.
• The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, (Edited by Ron H. Feldman, 1978)
• Life of the Mind (1978)
• Love and Saint Augustine. Edited and with an Interpretive Essay by Joanna Vecchiarelli Scott and Judith Chelius Scott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996/1998..
• Responsibility and Judgment. Edited and with an introduction by Jerome Kohn. Schocken Books. 2003.
• Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism. Edited by Jerome Kohn. Schocken Books. 2005.
• On Violence. Harvest Books. 1970.
• Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. Edited and with an Interpretive Essay by Ronald Beiner. The University of Chicago Press. 1992.
• The Promise of Politics. Edited and with an Introduction by Jerome Kohn. Schocken Books. 2005.
• The Jewish Writings. Edited by Jerome Kohn and Ron H. Feldman. Schocken Books. 2007. Rezension

Further reading

• Elisabeth Young-Bruehl (1982), Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-02660-9. (Paperback reprint edition, September 10, 1983, ISBN 0-300-03099-1; Second edition October 11, 2004 ISBN 0-300-10588-6.)
• Villa, Dana ed. (2000), The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-64198-5 (hb).
• Harms, Klaus: Hannah Arendt und Hans Jonas. Grundlagen einer philosophischen Theologie der Weltverantwortung. Berlin: WiKu-Verlag (2003). ISBN 3-936749-84-1. (de)
• Elzbieta Ettinger: Hannah Arendt/Martin Heidegger, Yale University Press (1997). ISBN 0-300-07254-6.
• Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth. Why Arendt Matters. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-12044-3).
• Dietz, Mary G. Turning Operations: Feminism, Arendt, and Politics, Routledge (2002). ISBN 0-415-93244-0.
• Julia Kristeva. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Ross Guberman. Columbia University Press. 2001.
• Seyla Benhabib. The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt. Rowan and Littlefield Publishers. 2003.
• Jennifer Nedelsky and Ronald Beiner, ed. Judgment, Imagination, and Politics: Themes from Kant and Arendt. Rowan and Littlefield Publishers. 2001.
• Birmingham, Peg. Hannah Arendt and Human Rights: The Predicament of Common Responsibility. Indian University Press (2006)
• Maurizio Passerin d'Entrèves. The Political Philosophy of Hannah Arendt. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Notes

External links

Other overviews

• Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Hannah Arendt, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Hannah Arendt: Biography at FemBio*Find-A-Grave profile for Hannah Arendt

Works on Arendt

• The American Library of Congress has The Role of Experience in Hannah Arendt's Political Thought: Three Essays by Jerome Kohn, Director, Hannah Arendt Center,New School University. With link to Arendt's papers.
• "Arendt's Judgment" by Mark Greif in Dissent (magazine).
• "Thinking Out Loud" Review of a book of essays on Arendt, in Lingua Franca.
• The philosophical Madonna On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Hannah Arendt's death, Daniel Cohn-Bendit recalls his relationship with the great philosopher and reflects on her and on his generation at signandsight.com
• Benjamin Balint, Hannah Arendt, 100 Years Later, The Forward. On the occasion of the centenary of her birth
• Hannah Arendt and the Study of Evil, NPR audio interview with Elisabeth Young-Bruehl on the centenary of Arendt's birth
• Jacoby, Russell. "Hannah Arendt's Fame Rests on the Wrong Foundation", The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 53, Issue 16, p. B13 (December 8, 2006).
• Thinking with Body and Soul: Interview with the historian Joachim Fest about Hannah Arendt, by Volker Maria Neumann, February 2006.

Organizations

• European Graduate School - Hannah Arendt
• Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism at the Technical University of Dresden
• Hannah Arendt Organization, clearinghouse for information on and about Hannah Arendt

Other

• International Hannah Arendt Newsletter
• Hannah Arendt Thinking Space. Art Exhibtion Berlin 2006
• Hannah Arendt at Jewish Virtual Library
• Snowblind: Martin Heidegger & Hannah Arendt
• Dossier: Hannah Arendt(German Education Server)
• The Hannah Arendt Collection (From Stevenson Library at Bard College) - Catalog of ArchiveHannah Arendt’s personal library at Bard College
• Warning against Menachem Begin, Letters to the Editor New York Times December 4, 1948.

Other Languages

• (French) Article on Hannah Arendt
• (Portuguese) Profile, collection of articles, and quotations on Hannah Arendt
• (Russian) On Revolution. H. Arendt Portal
• (Persian) Heidegger the Fox - Hannah Arendt

Persondata
NAME	Arendt, Hannah
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Jewish-American political theorist
DATE OF BIRTH	October 14, 1906
PLACE OF BIRTH	Linden, Germany
DATE OF DEATH	December 4, 1975
PLACE OF DEATH	New York, United States