Hindustani orthography

Information about Hindustani orthography

Hindustani, Hindi, and Urdu have been written in several different scripts. Most Hindi texts are written in the Devanagari script, which is derived from the Brāhmī script of Ancient India. Most Urdu texts are written in the Urdu alphabet, which comes from the Perso-Arabic script. Hindustani has been written in both scripts. In recent years the Roman alphabet has been used in these languages for technological or internationalization reasons.

Devanagari script

Main article: Devanagari script

The Devanagari script is an abugida writing system, so the written form of consonants have an inherent default vowel afterward, namely a schwa. Consonants which have other vowels afterward use diacritical marks around the consonant. The script is written from left to right, with a top-bar connecting the letters together.

?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
a	a	i	i	u	u	e	ai	o	au
?	?	ख?	?	?	ग?		?		?
k	kʰ	x	ɡ	ɠ	ɣ		ɡʰ		ŋ
?	?		?	?	ज?		?		?
c	cʰ		ɟ	ʄ	z		ɟʰ		ɲ
?	?		?	?	ड?		?	ढ?	?
ʈ	ʈʰ		ɖ	ɗ	ɽ		ɖʰ	ɽʰ	ɳ
?	?		?				?		?
t	tʰ		d				dʰ		n
?	?	फ?	?	?			?		?
p	pʰ	f	b	ɓ			bʰ		m
?	?	?	?
j	r	l	ʋ
?	?	?	?
?	ʂ	s	h

Perso-Arabic script

Main article: Urdu alphabet

The Perso-Arabic script is an extension of the Arabic alphabet. It is written from right to left, and most letters connect to each other. This leads to different forms of a letter depending on its position in a word, although the different forms generally resemble each other. Most vowels are omitted in normal texts, although they may be written for disambiguation or pedagogical purposes. Urdu is primarily written in a calligraphic style of the script called Nasta'liq.

ج?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ɟʰ	ʄ	ɟ	p	s	ʈʰ	ʈ	tʰ	t	bʰ	ɓ	b	*
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ɽ	r	z	ɖʰ	ɖ	ɗ	dʰ	d	x	h	cʰ	c	ɲ
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
k	x	pʰ	f	ɣ	∅	z	t	z	s	?	s	z
	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	گ?	?	?	?
	*	h	*	ɳ	n	m	l	ŋ	ɡʰ	ɠ	ɡ	kʰ

Romanized Hindustani

The Latin alphabet has been used to write Hindustani for technological or internationalization reasons. Roman Urdu uses the Basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used by young native speakers for technological applications, such as chat, emails and SMS.

ITRANS, ISCII, IAST, and Harvard-Kyoto romanization schemes have been employed primarily for usage by non-native speakers who are more familiar with the Latin alphabet.

See Also: Roman Urdu

Perso-Arabic script (or Arabo-Persian) is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally being used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language,
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Latin alphabet
Child systems Numerous: see Alphabets derived from the Latin
Sister systems Cyrillic
Coptic
Armenian
Runic/Futhark
Unicode range See Latin characters in Unicode
ISO 15924 Latn

Note
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abugida is a term coined by Peter T. Daniels in order to describe a writing system in which consonant signs (graphemes) are inherently associated with a following vowel. Thus, the absence of such a vowel, or other following vowels, are usually indicated explicitly.
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consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. The word consonant
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schwa can mean:

An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. Such vowels are often transcribed with the symbol <ə

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Arabic abjad

Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF
U+0750 to U+077F
U+FB50 to U+FDFF
U+FE70 to U+FEFF
ISO 15924 Arab (#160)

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
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vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, which are characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the
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Calligraphy (from Greek κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή graphẽ
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Nasta`līq (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;
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Roman Urdu is the name used for the Urdū language (as well as the Hindī language) written with the Roman alphabet.

According to the famous Urdū scholar Habib R. Sulemani: "Roman Urdu is strongly opposed by the traditional Arabic script lovers.
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weasel words.
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E-mail (short for electronic mail; often also abbreviated as e-mail, email or simply mail) is a store and forward method of composing, sending, storing, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems.
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Short Message Service (SMS), often called text messaging, is a means of sending short messages to and from mobile phones. SMS was originally defined as part of the GSM series of standards in 1985^[1]
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The "Indian languages TRANSliteration" (ITRANS) is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly, but not exclusively, for Devanagari (used for the Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Sindhi and other languages). It was developed by Avinash Chopde.
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The Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating in ASCII the Sanskrit language and other languages that use the Devanāgarī script.
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Urdu}}}
Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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Tadbhava (तद्भव/تدبھو derived from): There are words that are derived from Sanskrit or Prakrit, but often with much transformation.
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Alphabet Diacritical mark with प Pronunciation Pronunciation with /p/ IAST equiv. English equivalent
अ प /ə/
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