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Hooliganism

"Hooligan" redirects here. For hooliganism in the context of football (soccer), see Football hooliganism. For other uses, see Hooligan (disambiguation).


Hooliganism refers to unruly and destructive behavior.

Such behavior is commonly associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. In some countries, the hooligan elements of a group of supporters are known as Category C. The term can also apply to general rowdy behaviour and vandalism, often under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The term has been used since at least the 1890s, to describe the behavior of street gangs. The first use of the term is unknown, but it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory is that the word came from the name of an Irish hoodlum from Southwark, London named Patrick Hooligan. Another theory is that it came from a street gang in Islington named Hooley. A third theory is that it's based on an Irish word, Hooley, which means a wild, spirited party.[1]

In the Soviet Union, hooliganism (хулиганство) was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. Article 213 of the penal code defined hooliganism as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." a wide range of behaviours, such as vagrancy, stalking and foul language. This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidents. Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of Russia, and is applicable to persons at least 16 years old. Hooliganism is graded into Malicious hooliganism(злостное хулиганство), hooliganism(хулиганство), and Petty hooliganism(мелкое хулиганство). Petty hooliganism is "subject to administrative proceedings" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law) and classified as roughly equivalent to an infraction. It is mostly applied to minor street disorders and fighting by urban youth. Malicious hooliganism is defined as being committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist."[2]

In Russia hooliganism appears to be associated with anti-semitism, although this connection may be due to local authorities using the term hooligan to describe something else, perhaps in order to downplay the seriousness of the offences committed.[3][4]

Hooliganism in Argentina

Most sports-related hooliganism in Argentina (barras bravas) is associated with football, but many times it is linked to other sports, such as rugby and basketball. In most stadiums in South America, there are sections behind the goals which have no seats, just steps (terraces). Most hooligans and fans bring flags, fireworks, and small pieces of paper that they throw when their team comes out to the field. Many times when teams lose decisive matches, fans get violent and fight the police and other supporters. During the period of military rule in the 1970s and early 1980s, hooligans were used by the government to attack pro-democracy protesters overseas. Since then they have been occasionally used by football club owners to attack business or political opponents. [5].

Footnotes

1. ^ hooley or hoolie a party, esp. a wild or lively one. There has also been reference made to a 19th century family by the name who resided in rural Ireland famed for their wild lifestyle, resulting in anyone who lived similarly as being referred to as a Hooligan . Also, Anglo-Irish slang. Perhaps a variant of the Gaelic ceilidh -Rosalind Fergusson, Shorter Slang Dictionary (New York: Routledge, 1994) 113
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ [2]
4. ^ [3]
5. ^ [4]

See also

Books

Documentaries and films

External links

Football hooliganism (sometimes described as the English Disease) is hooliganism by football club supporters.[1] Fights between supporters of rival teams sometimes take place immediately before or after football matches; often at pre-arranged locations away from
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A hooligan is a person who practices hooliganism.

Hooligan can also refer to: Hooligans can also refer to:
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Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players. It is the most popular sport in the world.
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university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctorate) in a variety of subjects. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education.
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A gang is a group of individuals that share a common identity, even if that identity consists of little more than their association with one another. In early English usage, it referred to a group of workmen, and later underwent pejoration.
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Writing system: Latin (Irish variant) 
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated USSR, Russian: (help info ) ; tr.
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Vagrancy can refer to one of two phenomena: Vagrant may also refer to:
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Stalking (from Middle English stalk: from Old English bestealcian; akin to Old English stelan to steal) is a legal term for repeated harassment or other forms of invasion of a person's privacy in a manner that causes fear to its target.
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The Russian Criminal Code is the prime source of Law of the Russian Federation concerning criminal offences. The present Criminal Code of the Russian Federation came into force on 1 January 1997.
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Civil law or Continental law or Romano-Germanic law is the predominant system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law.
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Recidivism (IPA: [ɹɪˈsɪdɪvɪzm̩]; from recidive + ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" + cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of
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Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Jews.
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Barra brava is a name for organized supporters groups of football teams in Latin America. This style of supporting is very similar to European ultras. It includes standing throughout the match, singing and other enthusiastic behavior.
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Rugby football, often just "rugby", may refer to a number of sports descended from a common form of football developed at Rugby School in England, United Kingdom. Rugby union, rugby league, and, to a lesser extent, American football and Canadian football, are modern sports
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fireworks event (also called a fireworks show) or Pyrotechnics is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.
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Collective effervescence (CE) is a perceived energy formed by a gathering of people as might be experienced at a sporting event, a carnival, a rave, or a riot. This energy can cause people to act differently than in their everyday life.
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Football hooliganism (sometimes described as the English Disease) is hooliganism by football club supporters.[1] Fights between supporters of rival teams sometimes take place immediately before or after football matches; often at pre-arranged locations away from
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This is a list of recognized hooligan firms or football firms, which are groups that have been verified as participating in football hooliganism or other sports-related hooliganism.

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Skinheads, named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, are a working-class subculture that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, and then spread to other parts of the world.
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