immune tolerance
Information about immune tolerance
Immune or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. It occurs in three forms: central tolerance, peripheral tolerance and acquired tolerance.
A form of acquired tolerance is oral tolerance[3]. Oral tolerance is the body's tolerance for its own antigens and proteins, such as food taken into the body by mouth. Failure of oral tolerance is attributed to the development and pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Central tolerance
Central tolerance is immunological tolerance developed during T and B cell differentiation.Peripheral tolerance
Peripheral tolerance is immunological tolerance developed after T and B cells mature and enter the periphery.Acquired tolerance
Acquired or induced tolerance is the immune system's tolerance for external antigens. One of the most important natural kinds of acquired tolerance occurs during pregnancy where the fetus must be tolerated by the maternal immune system. One model for the induction of tolerance during the very early stages of pregnancy is the eutherian fetoembryonic defense system (eu-FEDS) hypothesis[1]. . However, another model suggests that the induction of tolerance primarily requires the participation of regulatory T cells[2]. In clinical practice, acquired immunity is important in organ transplantation, when the body must be forced to accept an organ from another individual. The failure of the body to accept an organ is known as transplant rejection. To prevent rejection, a variety of medicines are used to produce induced tolerance.A form of acquired tolerance is oral tolerance[3]. Oral tolerance is the body's tolerance for its own antigens and proteins, such as food taken into the body by mouth. Failure of oral tolerance is attributed to the development and pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis).
References
1. ^ Clark, Clark G.F., Dell A., Morris H.R., Patankar M.S., and Easton R.L. (2001) The species recognition system: a new corollary to the human fetoembryonic defense system hypothesis. Cells Tissues Organs 168, 113-21 PMID 11114593
2. ^ Trowsdale J, and Betz AG. 2006. Mother's little helpers: mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance. Nature Reviews Immunology 7:241-6 PMID 16482172
3. ^ Lloyd Mayer, Kirk Sperber, Lisa Chan, Joseph Child, Lisa Toy (2001) Oral tolerance to protein antigens Allergy 56 (s67), 12–15. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.00904.x
2. ^ Trowsdale J, and Betz AG. 2006. Mother's little helpers: mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance. Nature Reviews Immunology 7:241-6 PMID 16482172
3. ^ Lloyd Mayer, Kirk Sperber, Lisa Chan, Joseph Child, Lisa Toy (2001) Oral tolerance to protein antigens Allergy 56 (s67), 12–15. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.00904.x
See also
External links
Immune system / Immunology | |
|---|---|
| Systems | Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) |
| Antibodies and antigens | Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) |
| Immune cells | White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system |
| Immunity vs. tolerance | Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency |
| Immunogenetics | Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC / HLA |
| Other | Cytokines • Inflammation • Opsonin |
immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own healthy
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation. We now know that the immune system does not only consist of antibodies.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
organ transplant is the moving of a whole or partial organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patient's own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. This is because a normal healthy human immune system can distinguish foreign tissues and attempt to destroy them, just as it attempts to destroy infective
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation. We now know that the immune system does not only consist of antibodies.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Central tolerance is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self.[1] The process is required due to the random generation of receptor specificities that occurs during T cell and B cell differentiation, whereby a
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own healthy
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
- See also: and
..... Click the link for more information.
- See also: and
..... Click the link for more information.
The Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
complement system is a biochemical cascade which helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is one part of the larger immune system.
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens.
..... Click the link for more information.
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anaphylatoxins, or anaphylotoxins, are fragments (C3a, C4a or C5a) that are produced during the pathways of the complement system.
..... Click the link for more information.
Functions
Anaphylatoxin is able to trigger degranulation of (release of substances from) mast cells or basophils, which is an important..... Click the link for more information.
Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are identical because they are produced by one type of immune cell that are all clones of a single parent cell.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B-cell lines. They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, each recognising a different epitope.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) manufactured by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.
Many autoimmune diseases in humans, most notably lupus erythematosus, are caused by such autoantibodies.
..... Click the link for more information.
Many autoimmune diseases in humans, most notably lupus erythematosus, are caused by such autoantibodies.
..... Click the link for more information.
immunoglobulin allotype is the allele of the antibody chains found in the individual.
To reduce risk of transplant rejection, tissue typing is used to try to match donors and recipients with the same or similar allotypes.
..... Click the link for more information.
To reduce risk of transplant rejection, tissue typing is used to try to match donors and recipients with the same or similar allotypes.
..... Click the link for more information.
In immunology, the "immunoglobulin isotype" refers to the type of chain. In humans, there are nine isotypes:
..... Click the link for more information.
- heavy chain
- α - IgA 1, 2
- δ - IgD
..... Click the link for more information.
idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation. We now know that the immune system does not only consist of antibodies.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Superantigens (SAgs) are secreted proteins (exotoxins) that exhibit highly potent lymphocyte-transforming (mitogenic) activity directed towards T lymphocytes [2,4,6]. Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where .001-.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
White blood cells or leukocytes are cells of the immune system which defend the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Several different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and NK cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface that is called the
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response that is governed by T cells. The principal function of B cells is to make antibodies against soluble antigens.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte which constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating leukocytes (white blood cells). They contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.