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Borough of Ipswich
Ipswich Shown within Suffolk
Geography
Status:	Borough
Region:	East of England
Admin. County:	Suffolk
Area: - Total	Ranked 320th 39.42 km²
Admin. HQ:	Ipswich
ONS code:	42UD
Demographics
Population: - Total () - Density	Ranked / km²
Ethnicity:	93.4% White 3.6% Afro-Carib 1.8% S.Asian 1.2% Other
Politics
Leadership:	Leader & Cabinet
Executive:
MPs:	Michael Lord, Chris Mole

Ipswich (pronounced /ˈɪpswɪtʃ/) is a non-metropolitan district in Suffolk, England on the estuary of the River Orwell. The town of the same name overspills the borough boundaries significantly, with only 85% of the town's population living within the borough at the time of the 2001 Census, when it was the third-largest settlement in the United Kingdom's East of England region, and the 38th largest urban area in England.^[1]

As of 2006, the borough is estimated to have a population of approximately 120,000 inhabitants.

History

The Eemian interglacial is known as the Ipswichian period in geology and occurred about 120,000 years ago.

Under the Roman empire, the area around Ipswich formed an important route inland to rural towns and settlements via the Orwell and Gipping. A large Roman fort, part of the coast defences of Britain, stood at Felixstowe, and the largest villa in Suffolk stood at Castle Hill (north-west Ipswich).

Ipswich is one of England's oldest towns,^[2][3] and took shape in Anglo-Saxon times as the main centre between York and London for North Sea trade to Scandinavia and the Rhine. It served the Kingdom of East Anglia, and began developing in the time of King Rædwald, supreme ruler of the English (616-624). The famous ship-burial and treasure at Sutton Hoo nearby is probably his grave.

The Ipswich Museum houses replicas of the Roman Mildenhall Treasure and the Sutton Hoo treasure. A gallery devoted to the town's origins includes Saxon weapons, jewellery and other artefacts.

The seventh-century town, called 'Gippeswick', was centred near the quay. Towards 700 AD, Frisian potters from the Netherlands area settled in Ipswich and set up the first large-scale potteries in England since Roman times. Their wares were traded far across England, and the industry was unique to Ipswich for 200 years.

With growing prosperity, in about 720 AD a large new part of the town was laid out in the Buttermarket area. Ipswich was becoming a place of national and international importance. Parts of the ancient road plan still survive in its modern streets.

After the invasion of 869 Ipswich fell under Viking rule. The earth ramparts circling the town centre were probably raised by Vikings in Ipswich around 900 to prevent its recapture by the English. They were unsuccessful.

The town operated a Mint under royal licence from King Edgar of England in the 970s, which continued through the Norman Conquest until the time of King John, in about 1215. The name 'Gipeswic' appears on the coins.

King John granted the town its first charter in 1200, and in the next four centuries it made the most of its wealth, trading Suffolk cloth with the Continent. Five large religious houses, including two Augustinian Priories, and those of the Greyfriars, Whitefriars and Blackfriars, stood in mediaeval Ipswich.

During the Middle Ages the Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Grace was a famous pilgrimage destination, and attracted a number of royal pilgrims. At the Reformation the statue was taken away to be burned, although it is now believed to have survived and still to exist in Nettuno, Italy.

Around 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer satirised the merchants of Ipswich in the Canterbury Tales.

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, the son of a wealthy landowner, was born in Ipswich about 1475. One of Henry VIII's closest political allies, he founded a college in the town in 1528, which is now known as Ipswich School. He remains one of the town's most famed figures.

In the time of Queen Mary the Ipswich Martyrs were burnt at the stake on the Cornhill for their Protestant beliefs. A monument commemorating this event now stands in Christchurch Park.

From 1611 to 1634 Ipswich was a major centre for emigration to New England. This was encouraged by the Town Lecturer, Samuel Ward. His brother Nathaniel Ward was first minister of Ipswich, Massachusetts.

The painters John Constable and Thomas Gainsborough lived and worked in Ipswich. In 1835, Charles Dickens stayed in Ipswich and used it as a setting for scenes in his novel The Pickwick Papers. The hotel where he resided first opened in 1518; it was then known as The Tavern and is now known as the Great White Horse Hotel. Dickens made the hotel famous in chapter XXI of The Pickwick Papers, vividly describing the hotel's meandering corridors and stairs.

In 1797 Lord and Lady Nelson moved to Ipswich, and in 1800 Lord Nelson was appointed High Steward of Ipswich.

In the mid 19th Century Coprolite was discovered, the material was mined and then dissolved in acid, the resulting mixture forming the basis of Fisons fertilizer business.^[4]

Eric Arthur Blair better known as George Orwell often travelled to London from his parents' home in Southwold via Ipswich and took the name Orwell when he became an author.

Modern Ipswich

Ipswich has undergone an extensive gentrification programme in recent years, principally centred around the waterfront. Though this has turned a derelict dock area into an emerging residential and commercial centre, it is being completed at the expense of much of the town's industrial and maritime heritage and in spite of efforts made by a local group, The Ipswich Society. Much of this development is residential and is marketed at high net-worth individuals in the DINKY demographic. As such, some have considered it incompatible with Ipswich's existing socio-economic mix. It could therefore be considered to be aimed at encouraging economic migration to the town, particularly as a commutable satellite town of London.

The Tolly Cobbold brewery, built in the 19th century and rebuilt 1894–1896, is one of the finest Victorian breweries in the United Kingdom. There was a Cobbold brewery in the town from 1746 until 2002 when Ridley's Breweries took Tolly Cobbold over.^[5] Felix Thornley Cobbold presented Christchurch Mansion to the town in 1896.

The town centre contains the glass-clad building owned by Willis Limited, properly called the Willis Building but still often called the "Willis-Faber building" by locals, as the company Willis Corroon themselves used to be called Willis Faber. Designed by Norman Foster, the building dates from 1974. It became the youngest Grade I listed building in Britain in 1991.

Ipswich is set to be the main hub for University Campus Suffolk, which will give Suffolk its first university, though it is essentially a collaborative project between Suffolk College and two other regional universities. It is hoped that within a decade, a University of Suffolk in its own right will become established out of UCS.

On 13 March 2007 Ipswich was awarded the cleanest town award.^[7]

Ipswich remains a 'town' despite a few attempts at winning 'city' status.^[8] It does not have a cathedral, so the Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich is based at Bury St Edmunds the former headquarters of West Suffolk.

Districts

The Docks is the area around the old commercial docks that are now devoted essentially to leisure use. The area includes extensive recent development of residential apartment blocks and includes the campus of the new University College.

Holywells is the area around Holywells Park, a 67 acre (27 ha) public park, situated near the docks, that was painted by Thomas Gainsborough.

Chantry is the name of a housing estate and park to the South-West of Ipswich. Its schools include Chantry High School and the Chantry Infant and Junior Schools which have merged, and been renamed 'The Oaks'.

Other districts outside the town centre include Bixley Farm, Broke Hall, California, Castle Hill, The Dales, Gainsborough, Greenwich, Kesgrave, Maidenhall, Pinebrook, Priory Heath, Racecourse, Ravenswood, Rose Hill, Rushmere, Springvale, St Margarets, Stoke, Warren Heath, Westbourne, Whitehouse and Whitton.

To the east of the town is Trinity Park near Bucklesham the home of the annual Suffolk Show one of the County shows in United Kingdom. The 'Trinity' is the name given to the three animals native to the county of Suffolk, namely Red Poll cattle, the powerful Suffolk Punch horse and the black faced Suffolk Sheep.

Culture

Like many other similar towns, Ipswich is home to many artists, with galleries at Christchurch Mansion, the Town Hall, a gallery in the Ancient House and the Artists Gallery in Electric House being the more prominent. The visual arts are further supported with many sites of sculpture with easy accessibility. The Borough Council promotes creation of new public works of art and has been known to make this a condition of planning permission.^[9]

The town houses Ipswich Museum and the Ipswich Transport Museum.

Performing arts are well represented with Ipswich being home to DanceEast which has the primary aim of advocating innovation and development of dance in the East of England.^[10] They are building new premises as part of the waterfront development. These will be the first custom built dance facilities in the East of England at a cost of around £8million.

The Eastern Angles theatre group are based at the Sir John Mills Theatre in Ipsiwch, named after the famous actor who lived in Felixstowe as a child.

Since 1991, there has been an annual arts festival called Ip-Art [1] which brings together many events across art disciplines and different venues, notably a free music day in Christchurch Park, which in 2006 had over 50 different acts performing over 7 stages.

Norwich remains the regional centre for TV broadcasting, but both BBC East and Anglia TV have presenters and offices in Ipswich. The town has three local radio stations, BBC Radio Suffolk covering the entire county, where the East Anglian Accent can be heard on its many phone-ins, the commercial SGR-FM which was founded in 1975 as Radio Orwell covering the A14 corridor in Suffolk and Town 102 which was founded in 2006 and is the first station specific for Ipswich. The younger audience is catered for with Suffolk based Kiss 105-108. On 15 August, Ipswich Community Radio launched full-time after successfully gaining a licence in early 2006.

The town's daily evening newspaper is the Evening Star (Ipswich) which is the sister title to the county's daily morning newspaper the East Anglian Daily Times.

Buildings

In addition to Christchurch Mansion and the Ancient House, Ipswich in the 21st Century has some important cultural buildings including the New Wolsey Theatre and the Regent Theatre - the largest theatre venue in East Anglia where in the 1960's The Beatles performed under its former name the Gaumont.

There are several medieval^[11] Ipswich churches but the grandest is the Victorian St Mary le Tower.

Modern buildings include the new Suffolk County Hall in the area known as Ipswich Village close to Ipswich Town's Portman Road stadium. The stadium has hosted England under 21, under 23 and full international matches in addition to an England hockey game.

On the north-west side of Ipswich lies Broomhill Pool, a Grade II listed Olympic-sized lido which opened in 1938 and closed in 2002, since which time a campaign to see it restored and re-opened has been run.

Politics

Ipswich is governed locally by a two-tier Council System. Ipswich Borough Council fulfils District Council functions such as refuse collection, housing and planning and Suffolk County Council provides services such as education and social services.

Between 1979 and September 2004 Ipswich Borough Council was under Labour control but the town is now governed by a coalition of Conservative and Liberal Democrat Councillors with Labour in opposition.

The County Council was controlled by a Labour/Liberal Democrat administration between May 1993 and May 2005 but has since reverted to Conservative control, although 10 out of the 13 County Councillors representing Ipswich are Labour and only 1 is a Conservative.

In April 2006 the local borough council initiated public discussions about the idea of turning the borough into a unitary authority.^[12] Ipswich had constituted a county borough from 1889 to 1974, independent of the administrative county of East Suffolk, and this status was not restored by the Banham/Cooksey Commission in the 1990s.

Ipswich, Norwich, Exeter and Oxford have united to campaign for unitary authority status for the four towns. Ipswich hopes to use the window of opportunity presented by the October 2006 Local Government White Paper to regain unitary status. In March 2007, it was announced that Ipswich was one of sixteen councils successful for its bid, although consultation needed to take place before a final decision can be made in July 2007.^[13] On the 2007-07-25, the Secretary of state announced that she was minded to implement the unitary proposal for Ipswich, but that there were 'a number of risks relating to the financial case set out in the proposal',^[14] and invited Ipswich to undertake further work before a final decision is taken.^[15]

The town is covered by two parliamentary constituencies – Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency), which covers about 75% and is represented by Labour MP Chris Mole, and Central Suffolk & North Ipswich, which covers the remaining 25% and is represented by Conservative MP Michael Lord. In the 2005 General Election, an Independent Candidate (Sally Wainman) stood on the issue of saving Broomhill Pool in Ipswich, still an ongoing issue.

Industry

Industry around Ipswich has had a strong agricultural bias with Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd, one of the most famous agricultural manufacturers, located in the town. It is notable that the worlds first commercial motorised lawnmower was built by Ransomes in 1902. There was a sugar beet factory at Ipswich for many years; it was closed in 2001 as part of a rationalisation by British Sugar.

The British Telecom Research Laboratories were located to the east of the town in 1975 at Martlesham Heath. They are now a science park called Adastral Park. The area was originally RAF Martlesham Heath - a WW2 airfield from where Douglas Bader fought.

With the rise in popularity of the town around the Neptune Marina and the Wet Dock a number of ship and boatbuilders have become established, in particular Fairline Yachts are a significant employer.

Transport infrastructure

Ipswich is linked to London (84 miles) and the M25 by the A12 which continues to the north-east to reach the coast at Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth. The old milestone in Ipswich shows London as 69 miles and Gt Yarmouth 54 miles north.

It is linked to Cambridge (57 miles) and the Midlands by the A14 which continues south-east over the Orwell Bridge to the port of Felixstowe. The route north to Norwich is via the single carriageway A140. The A140 forms part of the old Roman road originally known as Pye Road^[16] which linked Colchester with Caistor St. Edmund near Norwich. These trunk routes bypass the town itself, which is directly served by the A1156 which links to the A14 and by the A1214 which links to the A12.

The A137 enters the town from the south via Stoke Bridge, Ipswich over the River Gipping.

The town benefits by both having a ring road and a by-pass to the south, and thus suburban areas can be near the centre of town yet still be largely free from traffic.

Ipswich railway station is located on the Great Eastern Main Line from London Liverpool Street to Norwich. It is also the junction of railway lines to Felixstowe and Lowestoft. The station is served by 'one'. There is another railway station serving the Rose Hill area, called Derby Road which is on the line to Felixstowe.

The Ipswich trolleybus system opened on 2 September 1923 and closed on 23 August 1963.^[17] Town bus services are operated by Ipswich Buses. Ipswich is the last place in the area to have an independent bus company with the unusual practice of naming its buses.

Ipswich one of the Haven ports and is still a flourishing, handling several million tonnes of cargo each year. Prior to decommissioning, HMS Grafton was a regular visitor to the port which as special links with the town and the county of Suffolk. HMS Orwell, named after the river, is also closely linked with the town.

The town used to feature a small grass-runway airport (ICAO code: EGSE). Officially opened on 26 June 1930 by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. There were regular flights in the early days by Channel Airways to Jersey and later Suckling Airways to the Netherlands. On 31 December 1996 Ipswich Airport was delicensed and ceased to be registered by the Civil Aviation Authority.^[18] The former airport has been re-developed into the new residential district of Ravenswood. However, the front of the control building was saved. It was designed by Heining and Chitty in 1938 and Grade 2 listed. The rest of the building was taken down after it was deemed unsafe to reuse.

The nearest international flights are from Stansted airport or Norwich International Airport, both approximately 47 miles away. Other airports within a 2 hour drive are Gatwick some 100 miles via the A12, M25 and M23; Luton airport is a similar distance via the A14, A11 and A505.

Sport

Ipswich's sole professional football team are Ipswich Town Football Club, who were established in 1878 and play at the 30,300 capacity Portman Road Stadium. They have a strong rivalry with Norwich City F.C., and more recently with Colchester United. Ipswich Town was home to the two most successful England managers, Sir Alf Ramsey (who is buried in the Old Cemetery in the town) and Sir Bobby Robson. They won the League Championship in 1962 during Ramsey's reign and an FA Cup in 1978 and the UEFA Cup in 1981 under Robson. They currently play in English football's second-tier league, the Football Championship. Ipswich also has a very successful Speedway team, the Ipswich Witches, who have ridden at their Foxhall Stadium home, on the outskirts of Ipswich, for over 50 years. Despite being one of the most successful teams in British Speedway history, crowds have dwindled to around 1,500 people per race meeting. The stadium is also regularly used for Stock car racing.

Ipswich is also home to minor-lower league football team, Ipswich Wanderers and many others in the Suffolk and Ipswich Football League.

The town has representation in both codes of Rugby. It has two amateur Rugby Union teams, Ipswich RUFC who play in London 3 North East League, and Ipswich YM RUFC. It also has an amateur rugby league side, Ipswich Rhinos, who play in the Rugby League Conference.

Ipswich had a racecourse which ran a mix of flat and National Hunt races from 1710 to 1911.

For her services to swimming Karen Pickering was awarded an MBE in the 1994 New Years Honours List

Ipswich murders

Main article: 2006 Ipswich murder investigation

A serial killer or spree killer responsible for the murders of five women in Ipswich gained notoriety in late 2006, as the Ipswich Murderer. The five women were identified as sex workers; their bodies were found in December 2006.^[19] Suffolk Constabulary formally linked the murders in their investigation.

Steven Gerald James Wright, who works at the Port of Felixstowe, was arrested at his house in Ipswich on December 19.^[20] On December 21st, Wright was formally charged with the murders of Gemma Adams, 25, Anneli Alderton, 24, Tania Nicol, 19, Paula Clennell, 24, and Annette Nicholls, 29. He appeared in Ipswich's Magistrates' Court on 22 December 2006 and was remanded in custody until 2 January 2007 to appear in Ipswich Crown Court where he was remanded in custody for a second court appearance, held on 1 May 2007.^[21] At that hearing he pleaded not guilty to all five murders. His trial is due to be held in Ipswich starting 14 January 2008.^[22]

Famous residents

See also

• Margaret Catchpole — adventuress and chronicler
• John Constable — Landscape Artist
• Thomas Gainsborough — Artist
• Giles — Cartoonist
• Lord Horatio Nelson — Steward of Ipswich
• Sir Alf Ramsey — England 1966 World Cup winning manager
• Sir Bobby Robson — Ipswich's FA Cup and UEFA Cup winning manager
• Thomas Cardinal Wolsey — Tudor Cardinal

Popular culture

A popular song in 1915 was "Which Switch Is The Switch, Miss, For Ipswich?" by David, Barnett & Darewski.

Modern figures with Ipswich connections include the musician Nik Kershaw, the children's TV presenter Brian Cant, the punk rock band The Adicts, heavy metal band Cradle of Filth, cartoonist Carl Giles, musician Charlie Simpson from Busted and Formula One owner Bernie Ecclestone (actually born in St Peters South Elmham near Bungay).

In 2006 The Jarvis Cocker Record contained the track From Auschwitz to Ipswich written and performed by Jarvis.

External links

Ipswich information

• Fossil Collecting at Levington near Ipswich
• Alternative live music in Ipswich
• Longest established town — Poppyland Publishing
• First Anglo-Saxon Town — History Files
• Gypiswic in Doomsday book — British History
• Ipswich Waterfront and Marina — Ipswich Tourism Office
• Chantry Park - Sue Ryder
• 1915 song, mp3 download - Gutenburg
• Ransomes bombed ww2 - Bernard Elmy
• Sir John Mills Theatre - Eastern Angles
• New Wolsey Theatre - Website
• List by EASF
• Ipswich photos

Ipswich institutions

• Ipswich Borough Council
• Ipswich Town Football Club
• Evening Star (Local Newspaper)
• The Ipswich Society
• The Green 'Un - Ipswich's Football Paper
• Ipswich Wanderers FC

History

• Ipswich Museum
• Clifford Road Air Raid Shelter Museum, Ipswich
• Medieval town plan of Ipswich Town
• Ipswich Transport Museum
• A Few Views of Ipswich and Pin Mill in Old Postcards

Projects and initiatives

• ipswich.angle — Community project to promote leisure activities and community spirit in the town
• Ipswich Life — Growing site for leisure and activities
• Orwell Centre — Orwell Church Centre on the Waterfront close to University Campus Suffolk
• Town Pastors Ipswich — Christian initiative to care for people out on the streets from 10pm to 4am
• Out & About Get involved and support disabled children in Ipswich through volunteering or fundraising
• Ipswich Arts Festival — Annual festival of dance, music and art
• IP1 Magazine — project to promote journalism and creative production skills in the town
• Key Arts — An artist-run space for Ipswich
• Ipswich Community Radio — Local radio group dating back to the 1980s
• IP-City — Ipswich Borough Council
• — local information and history

References

•  • [ e] Districts of the East of England

Babergh  Basildon  Bedford  Braintree  Breckland  Brentwood  Broadland  Broxbourne  Cambridge  Castle Point  Chelmsford  Colchester  Dacorum  East Cambridgeshire  East Hertfordshire  Epping Forest  Fenland  Forest Heath  Great Yarmouth  Harlow  Hertsmere  Huntingdonshire  Ipswich  King's Lynn and West Norfolk  Luton  Maldon  Mid Bedfordshire  Mid Suffolk  North Hertfordshire  North Norfolk  Norwich  Peterborough  Rochford  St Albans  St Edmundsbury  South Bedfordshire  South Cambridgeshire  Southend-on-Sea  South Norfolk  Stevenage  Suffolk Coastal  Tendring  Three Rivers  Thurrock  Uttlesford  Watford  Waveney  Welwyn Hatfield Counties with multiple districts: Bedfordshire - Cambridgeshire - Essex - Hertfordshire - Norfolk - Suffolk