Prince
James Francis Edward Stuart (or Stewart; "
The Old Pretender";
10 June 1688 –
1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed
James II and VII, and as such laid claim to the English and Scottish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in
1701, and was publicly proclaimed by
Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones.
From the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at
St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning King, James II of England and VII of Scots, and his
Roman Catholic second wife,
Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, the king had two adult daughters who had been brought up in the
Protestant faith, and as long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule only as a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his son-in-law,
William III of Orange.
When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. Within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena on
10 December left London and took the child to
France for safety, and his father was fighting unsuccessfully to retain his crown.
The prince was brought up in France, where, recognised by King
Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the
Jacobite movement. On his father's death in
1701, he declared himself King, with the title of James III and VIII and recognised as such by
France,
Spain, the
Papal States and
Modena. All of these states refused to recognise
William III,
Mary II or
Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign.
Having been delayed in France by an attack of
measles, James attempted an invasion, with an unsuccessful attempt to land at the
Firth of Forth on
23 March 1708, but his French ships were driven back by the fleet of
Admiral Sir George Byng. Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have succeeded to the throne after the death of his half-sister Anne, but he refused to do so. As a result, in
1714, a German Protestant became King
George I of Great Britain.


James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."
French forces were defeated, and
Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the
Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.
In the following year, the Jacobites instigated "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive
Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from
Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron,
Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him an embarrassment. Pope
Clement XI offered James the
Palazzo Muti in
Rome as his residence. During the pontificate of
Innocent XIII, the Pretender organized his court in the Palazzo Muti: Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much favour to the Stuarts, and liberally supported him: the cousin of this Pope, Francesco Maria Conti, from
Siena, was here the
Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain) in the little roman jacobite court.


Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart
On
3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married
Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702–35), granddaughter of the
Polish king,
John III Sobieski. They had two sons:
- Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
- Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Following James's failure, attention turned to his handsome and charismatic son, "
Bonnie Prince Charlie", whose rebellion of
1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed. James died in
Rome on
1 January 1766, and is buried in
St. Peter's Basilica at the
Vatican.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles
Honours
Ancestors
See also
James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
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Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), known in Scots Gaelic as Teà rlach Eideard Stiùbhairt, was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and is now commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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Maria Klementyna Sobieska (sometimes spelled: Maria Clementina Sobieski) (1702-1735) was a Polish princess who was born on July 18 1702 in Poland, the daughter of Poland's Prince James Louis Henry Sobieski, (1667-1737), and Hedwig Elisabeth Amelia of Neuburg, (1673-1722).
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Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), known in Scots Gaelic as Teà rlach Eideard Stiùbhairt, was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and is now commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807) was the fourth and final Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Unlike his father, James Francis Edward Stuart, and brother, Charles Edward Stuart, Henry made no effort to
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Royal House or royal dynasty is a familial designation, or family name of sorts, used by royalty. It generally represents the members of a family in various senior and junior or cadet branches, who are loosely related but not necessarily of the same immediate kin.
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House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Mary Queen of Scots adopted the French spelling Stuart while in France to ensure that the Scots Stewart
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James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
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Maria Beatrice Eleanora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este
Queen consort of England and Scotland
Titles Duchess of Modena
The Duchess of York
Born 5 September 1658(1658--)
Modena
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May 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
Events
- 1291 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
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850s 860s 870s - 880s - 890s 900s 910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St. James's Park.
History
The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Younger (from whom the Palace
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Canary Wharf is the centre of London's modern office towers
London shown within England
Coordinates:
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
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January 1 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining. The preceding day is December 31 of the previous year.
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8th century - 9th century - 10th century
850s 860s 870s - 880s - 890s 900s 910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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Comune di Roma
Flag
Seal
Nickname: "The Eternal City"
Motto: "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR) (Latin)
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AnthemIl Canto degli Italiani(also known as
Fratelli d'Italia)
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Saint Peter's Basilica
Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel Sant'Angelo.
Basic information
Location Vatican City
Geographic coordinates Coordinates:
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Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Italian)
Hymn and Pontifical March
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June 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
Events
..... Click the link for more information. 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
850s 860s 870s - 880s - 890s 900s 910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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January 1 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining. The preceding day is December 31 of the previous year.
..... Click the link for more information.
8th century - 9th century - 10th century
850s 860s 870s - 880s - 890s 900s 910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
..... Click the link for more information.
9th century - 10th century
850s 860s 870s - 880s - 890s 900s 910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
Art - Literature - Music - Science
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Louis XIV (baptised as Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638 – September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre.
He acceded to the throne on May 14 1643, a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the
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St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St. James's Park.
History
The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Younger (from whom the Palace
..... Click the link for more information. Christianity
Foundations
Jesus Christ
Church Theology
New Covenant Supersessionism
Dispensationalism
Apostles Kingdom Gospel
History of Christianity Timeline
Bible
Old Testament New Testament
Books Canon Apocrypha
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Maria Beatrice Eleanora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este
Queen consort of England and Scotland
Titles Duchess of Modena
The Duchess of York
Born 5 September 1658(1658--)
Modena
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Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. The word Protestant is derived from the Latin protestatio meaning declaration
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