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James Francis Edward Stuart

James Stuart
Jacobite pretender "James III and VIII"
Enlarge picture
James Francis Edward Stuart, "The Old Pretender"
James Francis Edward Stuart, "The Old Pretender"
PredecessorJames II and VII
Successor"Charles III"
SpouseMaria Klementyna Sobieska
Issue
Charles Edward Stuart ("Charles III")
Henry Benedict Stuart ("Henry IX and I")
Full name
James Francis Edward Stuart
Titles
James Stuart
The Prince of Wales
Royal houseHouse of Stuart
FatherJames II and VII
MotherMary of Modena
Born10 May 1688(1688--)
St. James's Palace, London
Died1 January 1766 (aged 79)
Rome, Italy
BurialSt. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Prince James Francis Edward Stuart (or Stewart; "The Old Pretender"; 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the son of the deposed James II and VII, and as such laid claim to the English and Scottish thrones (as James III and VIII) from the death of his father in 1701, and was publicly proclaimed by Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones.

From the moment of his birth, on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was born to the reigning King, James II of England and VII of Scots, and his Roman Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, the king had two adult daughters who had been brought up in the Protestant faith, and as long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, his opponents saw his rule only as a temporary setback. When people began to fear that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his son-in-law, William III of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a false rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. Within six months of his birth, Mary of Modena on 10 December left London and took the child to France for safety, and his father was fighting unsuccessfully to retain his crown.

The prince was brought up in France, where, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English and Scottish thrones, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement. On his father's death in 1701, he declared himself King, with the title of James III and VIII and recognised as such by France, Spain, the Papal States and Modena. All of these states refused to recognise William III, Mary II or Queen Anne as the legitimate British sovereign. Having been delayed in France by an attack of measles, James attempted an invasion, with an unsuccessful attempt to land at the Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708, but his French ships were driven back by the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng. Had he renounced his Roman Catholic faith, he might have succeeded to the throne after the death of his half-sister Anne, but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became King George I of Great Britain.

Enlarge picture
James Stuart, the "Old Pretender."
French forces were defeated, and Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, that, amongst other conditions, required him to expel James from France.

In the following year, the Jacobites instigated "The 'Fifteen" Jacobite rising in Scotland, aimed at restoring "James III and VIII" to the throne. In 1715, James finally set foot on Scottish soil, following the indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir, but he was disappointed by the strength of support he found. Instead of carrying through the plans for a coronation at Scone, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose. He was not welcomed back, because his patron, Louis XIV, was dead and the government found him an embarrassment. Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti in Rome as his residence. During the pontificate of Innocent XIII, the Pretender organized his court in the Palazzo Muti: Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much favour to the Stuarts, and liberally supported him: the cousin of this Pope, Francesco Maria Conti, from Siena, was here the Gentiluomo di camera (Chamberlain) in the little roman jacobite court.

Enlarge picture
Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart
On 3 September 1719, James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702–35), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:
  1. Charles Edward Stuart, (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
  2. Henry Benedict Stuart, (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church


Following James's failure, attention turned to his handsome and charismatic son, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. With the failure of this second rebellion, however, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed. James died in Rome on 1 January 1766, and is buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles

Honours

Ancestors

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16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. James I of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. Mary I of Scotland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Charles I of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. Frederick II of Denmark
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Princess Anne of Denmark
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. James II of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. Henry IV of France
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. Jeanne III of Navarre
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. Marie de' Medici
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. James Francis Edward Stuart
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. Isabella of Savoy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Maria Farnese
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. Margherita Aldobrandini
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Mary of Modena
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. Vincenzo Martinozzi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. Hieronymus Martinozzi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. Margherita Marcolini
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Laura Martinozzi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. Peter Mazarini
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. Laura Mazarini
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. Hortense Buffalini
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

James Francis Edward Stuart
Born: 10 June 1688 Died: 1 January 1766
British royalty
Preceded by
Mary II of England		Heir to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones
as heir apparent
June 10-December 23 1688		Succeeded by
Anne of Great Britain
Preceded by
Charles II of England		Prince of WalesSucceeded by
George II of Great Britain
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
James II and VII
(deposed from throne)		Jacobite succession
1701–1766		Succeeded by
Charles III
 •  • [ e]
Dukes of Cornwall
 •  • [ e]
Dukes of Rothesay
HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay Edward VIII (1910-1936) George V (1901-1910) Edward VII (1841-1901) George IV (1762-1820) Prince Frederick (1727-1751) George II (1714-1727) The Old Pretender (1688-1689) Charles II (1630-1649) Charles James (1629) Charles I (1612-1625) Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1603-1612) James VI (1566-1567) James (1540-1541) James V (1512-1513) Arthur (1509-1510) James (1507-1508) James IV (1473-1488) James III (1452-1460) James II (1430-1437) Alexander (1430) James I (1402-1406) David (1398-1402)
James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
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Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), known in Scots Gaelic as Teàrlach Eideard Stiùbhairt, was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and is now commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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Maria Klementyna Sobieska (sometimes spelled: Maria Clementina Sobieski) (1702-1735) was a Polish princess who was born on July 18 1702 in Poland, the daughter of Poland's Prince James Louis Henry Sobieski, (1667-1737), and Hedwig Elisabeth Amelia of Neuburg, (1673-1722).
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Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), known in Scots Gaelic as Teàrlach Eideard Stiùbhairt, was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and is now commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
..... Click the link for more information.
Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807) was the fourth and final Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Unlike his father, James Francis Edward Stuart, and brother, Charles Edward Stuart, Henry made no effort to
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Royal House or royal dynasty is a familial designation, or family name of sorts, used by royalty. It generally represents the members of a family in various senior and junior or cadet branches, who are loosely related but not necessarily of the same immediate kin.
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House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Mary Queen of Scots adopted the French spelling Stuart while in France to ensure that the Scots Stewart
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James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
..... Click the link for more information.
Maria Beatrice Eleanora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este
Queen consort of England and Scotland

Titles Duchess of Modena
The Duchess of York
Born 5 September 1658(1658--)
Modena
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May 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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8th century - 9th century - 10th century
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St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St. James's Park.

History

The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Younger (from whom the Palace
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London
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January 1 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining. The preceding day is December 31 of the previous year.
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885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891

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Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -
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Comune di Roma

Flag
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Nickname: "The Eternal City"
Motto: "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR)   (Latin)
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Il Canto degli Italiani
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Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel Sant'Angelo.

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June 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events


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8th century - 9th century - 10th century
850s  860s  870s  - 880s -  890s  900s  910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891

:
Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
January 1 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining. The preceding day is December 31 of the previous year.
..... Click the link for more information.
8th century - 9th century - 10th century
850s  860s  870s  - 880s -  890s  900s  910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891

:
Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
James II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701)[1] became King of England, King of Scots,[2] and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
..... Click the link for more information.
9th century - 10th century
850s  860s  870s  - 880s -  890s  900s  910s
885 886 887 - 888 - 889 890 891

:
Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -
Art - Literature - Music - Science

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Louis XIV (baptised as Louis-Dieudonn̩) (September 5, 1638 РSeptember 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre.

He acceded to the throne on May 14 1643, a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the
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St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St. James's Park.

History

The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Younger (from whom the Palace
..... Click the link for more information.
Christianity

Foundations
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Maria Beatrice Eleanora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este
Queen consort of England and Scotland

Titles Duchess of Modena
The Duchess of York
Born 5 September 1658(1658--)
Modena
..... Click the link for more information.
Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. The word Protestant is derived from the Latin protestatio meaning declaration
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