Janggi
Janggi pieces One possible starting position for janggi. Adjacent elephants and horses can be transposed, yielding four possible starting positions for each player.
Players	2
Age range	Any
Setup time	< 2 minutes
Playing time
Random chance	None
Skills required	Tactics, strategy

Korean name
Hangul 장? Hanja 將? Revised Romanization janggi McCune-Reischauer changgi

Janggi is the Korean name for a strategic board game widespread in Korea. Janggi has much in common with the Chinese Xiangqi, yet some of the conventions of Janggi are actually older than the modern Chinese game, such as starting position of general (king), and the 9 x 10 point board, without the Chinese river in the middle. In addition, Janggi also has some very interesting Korean style innovations. Janggi is sometimes called Korean chess. Other romanizations of the game are changgi, jangki, and tjyangkeui. It is a game that is played on a board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long.

Janggi is sometimes fast-paced due to the jumping cannons and the long range elephants, but professional games most often last for over 100 moves and is thus most often slower than western chess. Also, while in Western chess battle is concentrated in the middle few rows for the bulk of the game, in janggi the battle seems to be fought simultaneously all over the board.

History

Janggi is derived from an earlier form of Xiangqi ("Chinese chess") played during the Chinese Song Dynasty. It is more distantly related to Shogi.

Janggi in Korean culture

One will often see older men crowding around a single Janggi board while two men play for small amounts of money. These games are played year round, especially in city parks in Seoul. Generally, Janggi is considered a gambling game. Amongst many players, Baduk (Go) seems to be considered the strategy game of choice.

Rules

The board is composed of 90 intersections of 9 vertical files and 10 horizontal rows. The board is nearly the same layout as that used in Xiangqi, except that the janggi board has no "river" in the central row. The pieces consist of disks marked with an identifying character and are placed on the intersections of the lines (as in Xiangqi and go). Janggi pieces are traditionally octagonal in shape, and differ in size. The sides are green (or blue), which moves first, and red. Each side also has a palace that is 3 lines by 3 lines (i.e. 9 positions) in the center of that side against the back edge of the board. The palace also has four diagonal lines that extend outwards from the center, which form an "X" shape.

Pieces

The pieces are labeled with Chinese characters. The labels on the green pieces are all written in the Semi-cursive script. For instance, the green chariot or cha has a cursive version of 車, which looks something like 车 (the Simplified Chinese equivalent of the traditional character).

General

The pieces that are equivalent to the kings in Western chess are actually referred to as military generals (janggun) in Korean. They are labelled with the Chinese character Han (in Chinese pinyin: Hàn; 漢) on the red side, and Cho (Chǔ; 楚) on the green side. They represent the rival states of Han and Chu that fought for power in the post-Qin Dynasty interregnum period in China (see Chu-Han contention). In North Korea, the Chu-Han setup is not used; the red general there is called jang (chang; 將, "general,") and the green general is called gwan (kwan; 官, "minister.")

Janggi differs from its Chinese counterpart in that the janggi general starts the game from the central intersection of the palace, rather than from the center intersection of the back edge. The general may move one space at a time to any of the 9 positions within the palace, following the lines marked on the board. There are 4 diagonal lines in the palace connecting the center position to the corners. When the general is lost, the game is lost. The general cannot leave the palace under any circumstances. If the generals come to face each other across the board, and the player to move does not move away this is bitjang--a draw. This rule is different from that of Chinese chess where it is illegal for the generals to face.

If there is no move for the general to make without getting into check or checkmate, but it is safe for it to stand still, the person may pass their turn—i.e. leave the king standing still, and have no move.

Guards

The pieces are labeled sa (士) are civilian government officials, i.e. the council members serving the commander in chief. One can call them guards, too, since they stay close to the general. They are also called assistants or mandarins.

To both the left and right of the general are the guards. They move the same as the general, one space at a time along the marked lines in the palace. The guards are one of the weakest pieces because they may not leave the palace. They are invaluable for protecting the general, though.

Elephants

The elephants, sang (象), are located to both the left and the right of the guards. These pieces move one point horizontally or vertically, followed by two points diagonally away from their initial position, ending up on the opposite end of a 2 x 3 rectangle. (Like the Horse and its Chinese counterpart, it cannot move in a direction in which there is a piece standing in its way.) Unlike Xiangqi, which assigns its elephants a purely defensive role by confining them to one side of the board, behind the "river", janggi does not limit the movement of its elephants to the other side of the board, as there is no river. The Korean elephant is, therefore, much more of an offensive piece than its Chinese counterpart. The elephant can be transposed with the adjacent horse in the setup.

Horses

Called the horse or ma (馬), this piece is very similar to the knight in international chess, except that the intersection at the "angle" of the horse's move must not be occupied, like the horse in Xiangqi. The move of the Horse is like that of the elephant, ending its move at the opposite corner of a 1 x 2 rectangle. The horse can be transposed with the adjacent elephant in the setup.

Chariots

These are labelled cha (車). Like the rook in European chess, the chariot moves and captures in a straight line either horizontally or vertically. The two chariots begin the game in the corners. The Chariot may move along the diagonal lines inside either "palace", but only in a straight line.

Cannons

These are labelled po (包). Each player has two Cannons. The Cannons are placed on the row behind the pawns, directly in front of the Knights (if the Knights are put on the file next to the Chariots). The cannon moves by jumping another piece horizontally or vertically. The jump can be performed over any distance provided that there is exactly one piece anywhere between the original position and the target. In order to capture a piece, there must be exactly one piece (friendly or otherwise) between the cannon and the piece to be captured. The cannon then moves to that point and captures the piece. They are powerful at the beginning of the game when "hurdles" are plentiful, but lose value rapidly with attrition. The other piece over which the Cannon jumps may not be another cannon. A cannon may not capture another cannon. Unlike Xiangqi, Janggi requires Cannons to jump in order to move, as well as capture.

Soldiers

These are labelled byeong (兵) (soldiers, general term for a soldier) for red and jol (卒) (also means soldiers, usually lowest ranking soldiers) for green. Each side has 5 soldiers. They are placed on alternating points, one row back from the edge of the river. They move, and capture unlike Pawns in international chess, by moving one space either straight ahead or to either side. Unlike Chinese chess, soldiers do not have to be promoted to move sideways. Once they reach the end of the board they may only move sideways. Soldiers may also move one space at a time along the painted diagonals inside the enemy's "palace", but must only move forward.

Ending the game

In the western chess stalemate is achieved when no legal moves are possible. However the stalemate is not a draw in Janggi. The player must SKIP the turn when all the moves are impossible. If both players can't move legally, the game ends in a draw, of course.

Check is announced by declaring janggun (將軍), meaning "general". Getting out of janggun is called meonggun, and one may declare meonggun while escaping from janggun. But there is no duty to call janggun in voice.

Miscellaneous rules

In Korean janggi tournaments, according to rules set by Korean Janggi Association ([1] there is no draw in any form. There is no draw by perpetual check or repetition of position. If a position is being repeated 3 times, a referee is called to determine who is at fault. Usually the referee orders the player who is losing to make a different move, so the player who is winning can press for an advantage, but sometimes it is not technically clear who is to blame, and different referees may differ as to which player must deviate, or whether repetition is mutually forced. This rule is applied because they must decide a winner and a loser during tournament game.

A player may decide to make a move so that his or her General faces the other player's General unobstructed. Such a move forfeits the first player's right to win the game; however, it may be very advantageous. For the rest of that game, the first player can use his or her General to give check to the other player's General. The decision to cause such a situation is driven by the player's desire to avoid being checkmated. It should be noted that after engaging in this face off, the best possible outcome (for the player who initiated the face off) is a stalemate.

If neither player can capture the opposing general to win the game by the power of their pieces, the players add up the points of their pieces that are still on the board to determine who is winner.

Chariots: 13 points

Cannons: 7 points

Horses: 5 points

Elephants: 3 points

Guards: 3 points

Soldiers: 2 points

Because the blue team started, they have an advantage. To compensate for this, the red team get the 1.5 points (called 'deom (덤)' in Korean), the half-point put in place to avoid ties. So when the game starts, Blue has 72 points and Red has 73.5 points. If neither side can force a win, the person with the most points is declared the winner.

See also

• Xiangqi
• Shogi
• Chess
• List of Korea-related topics

External links

• Janggi | Chess Variant Pages
• The Rules for Korean Chess
• Janggi applet
• Korean Janggi Association (in Korean)
• Essentials of Chinese Chess and of Korean ChessPDF (217 KiB)