Johor Bahru جوهر بهر?
Skyline of Johor Bahru
Nickname: JB, Bandar Raya Selatan (Southern City)
Motto: 'Berkhidmat, Berbudaya, Berwawasan' (English: 'Servicing, cultured, visionary')
Johor Bahru (Malaysia) Johor Bahru
Coordinates:
Country	Malaysia
State	Johor
Establishment	1855
Granted city status	1994
Government
- Mayor	Latiff Yusof
Area
- City	185 km  (72.27 sq mi)
Elevation	36.88 m (121 ft)
Population (2006)
- City	876,033
- Density	2,703/km (6,919/sq mi)
- Metro	1,730,000
Time zone	MST (UTC+8)
- Summer (DST)	Not observed (UTC)
Website: [1]

Johor Bahru, also spelled Johor Baharu, Johor Baru, (Baru means "new" in the Malay language) or Johore Bahru and abbreviated as JB, is the capital city of Johor in southern Malaysia. It is within walking distance from Singapore, and receives more than 60% of the country's annual 16 million foreign tourists via its bridges and road links to Singapore. It is one of the largest cities in Malaysia. With a population of approximately 876,000 in the city, 1.73 million in the greater metropolitan area and 5.49 million in the Singapore-Johor Bahru conurbation ([2]), the city is an important industrial, tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia and is part of one of Southeast Asia's most populous urban areas. The population growth rate of Johor Bahru is also among the highest in Malaysia. Johor Bahru also has a highly developed industrial base which has made the city one of the biggest industrial centers of the country.

Johor Bahru enjoys the unique distinction of being the southernmost city of the Eurasian mainland.

Geography

The city of Johor Bahru is located at . The city council administers the highly developed southern central coast of the metropolitan area, with a total area of 185 km². It is situated on the Straits of Johor (also known as the Straits of Tebrau), which separates Malaysia and Singapore. Metropolitan Johor Bahru occupies extensive coastal land consisting of ecologically rich swamp lands and important river systems such as Sungai Johor, Sungai Pulai and Sungai Tebrau.Johor Bahru district comprises four local authorities - Johor Bahru City Council (MBJB), Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council (MPJBT), Pasir Gudang Local Authority (PBTPG) and Kulai Municipal Council with a possibly new fifth local authority covering a proposed new administrative capital of Johor in Bandar Nusajaya near the 2nd Link Expressway to Singapore. The city of Johor Bahru is 'Malaysia's Southern Gateway'. It receives 60% of foreign tourist to Malaysia and is a major holiday and shopping destination for neighbouring Singaporeans due to the weaker Malaysian ringgit vis-a-vis the Singaporean dollar. There are also considerable number of Malaysians who study and work in Singapore, but commute on a daily basis. The district has two land links to Singapore - the Johor Causeway and the 2nd Link. Plans are afoot to demolish the causeway and build instead a new elevated bridge across the Johor Straits. In anticipation of this project, a new Customs, Immigration and Quarantine (CIQ) is constructed.

History

Johor Bahru was founded in 1855 by Temenggung Daeng Ibrahim, the father of Sultan Abu Bakar, one of the best-remembered of all Malay Sultans, and Chinese businessman Wong Ah Fook. The town was originally named Tanjung Puteri, and it had its beginnings as a small Malay fishing village. Sultan Abu Bakar changed the name to Johor Bahru when he proclaimed it the capital of his kingdom in 1866, after he moved the seat of government from the old capital at Teluk Belanga in Singapore.

Sultan Abu Bakar was descended from Temenggong Abdul Rahman, the local chief who signed the initial treaty with the British when they sought permission to lease Singapore island in 1819. Much of the prosperity Johor enjoys today can be traced directly to Sultan Abu Bakar's success in persuading British and Chinese entrepreneurs to invest in agricultural estates in the area. Sultan Abu Bakar took a great interest in planning and laying out his royal city of Johor Bahru; consequently, many buildings and places in the city today bear his name and marks. For example, the Royal Abu Bakar Museum, Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque and Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar, which is also the oldest school in Johor are named after him. The customs checkpoint at the 2nd link is also named after him into Sultan Abu Bakar Complex.

Johor Bahru has witnessed a few major Malaysian historical events such as the establishment of the leading political party in Malaysia, UMNO (United Malays National Organisation), in 1946.

While Johor Bahru has grown and developed tremendously since Malaysia's Independence in 1957, the social development did not match its economic development. Crime rates has increased over the years, from petty theft to robbery with assaults. Public transportation is not adequate to accommodate the needs of its 800,000-plus inhibitants. Unfortunately, being the immediate neighbor to the highly organized and developed island-state of Singapore only serve to dramatize the gaps in developments.

On 1 January 1994, Johor Bahru was officially granted city status and Dato Hashim Yahya became the first mayor (Datuk Bandar). The City Square was constructed to commemorate this event.

Pasir Pelangi, the 'royal town' is located within Johor Bahru.

Birth place of local legend and international singer Dato Shake.

Government

The Johor Bahru metropolitan area runs across several districts and is jointly managed by the following local councils:

Johor Bahru District:

• Johor Bahru City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru)
• Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah)
• Kulai Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Kulai)
• Local Authority of Bandar Tenggara (Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Bandar Tenggara)
• Local Authority of Pasir Gudang (Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Pasir Gudang)

Pontian District:

• District Council of Pontian (Majlis Daerah Pontian)

Kota Tinggi District:

• District Council of Kota Tinggi (Majlis Daerah Kota Tinggi)

In announcing the 9th Malaysia Plan in May 2006, the area has been identified as a focus development area of national priority, which will see government investment of over RM12 billion (Ringgit) between 2006 and 2010.

Demographics

The District of Johor Bahru's population is 1 056 000 (2000 census) with current population in 2006 to be in the region of 1.5 million. It consists of 45% Malay, 41.5% Chinese, 9.1% Indian and 4.4% of other minorities. [3]

Among the Chinese, the Teochew, Hakka, Hokkien, Cantonese and Hainanese are the five major dialect groups in Johor Bahru. A small, significant minority of Hokchew/Foochow does exist. Due to the influence of the Singaporean mass media and the government policy of using Mandarin in all schools, the majority of the younger generation Chinese speak Mandarin and English at home.

The Teochews, who are the most populous among all other Chinese dialect groups in Johor Bahru, had a long standing history as they had established themselves in gambier plantations under the direction of Tan Hiok Nee, who developed the Kangchu system in consultation with the Sultan. He received the sultan's blessings for the plantation owners to develop their business in the systematic method. Many more Teochews migrated to Johor Bahru later, and settled there.

The Hakkas later migrated to Johor Bahru in large numbers, and also formed a large community among the Chinese in Johor Bahru. The Cantonese, under the leadership of Wong Ah Fook, began settling in Johor Bahru in the wake of the Kangchu system pioneered by Tan Hiok Nee from the 19th century onwards.

Economy

As one of the three main urban centres on the peninsular Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur and Penang being the other two), Johor Bahru is an important industrial, logistical and commercial centre. Its major industries include electronics, resource and petrochemical refinery and ship-building.

Johor Bahru is often thought of as Singapore's hinterland, similar to what Shenzhen is to Hong Kong. The presence of Singapore-owned companies and tourists are significant. Johor Bahru's many shopping complexes cater to tourists from Singapore who visit the city for shopping and entertainment, taking advantage of the stronger Singapore dollar. As such, Johor Bahru's retail scene is highly developed for a city of its size. The main shopping districts are located within Johor Bahru city, with a number of large shopping malls located in the suburbs.

The heavy industrial areas are Pasir Gudang and Tanjung Langsat, located east of the metropolitan area. They contain clusters of refineries, chemical processing plants, and ship-building factories. Light to medium industrial areas are mainly located north and north-west of the metropolitan area in Tebrau, Tampoi, Senai, Skudai and Kulai.

Johor Bahru enjoys close economic relationship with Singapore. A large number of residents in Johor Bahru work in Singapore due to its higher pay, partially because of the stronger Singapore Dollar (roughly 1 Singapore Dollar to 2.2 Malaysian Ringgit as of May 2007). For the same reason, many Singaporeans visit Johor Bahru for shopping, entertainment and dining.

Infrastructure

Internal Network

Johor Bahru Central Business District (CBD) or Daerah Sentral Johor Bahru, is located on the southern tip of the metropolitan area. Two major highways link the CBD to outlying suburbs, with Tebrau Highway linking the city to the north-east and Tun Abdul Razak (TAR) Highway/Senai-Skudai Highway linking it to the north-west. Pasir Gudang Highway and the connecting Johor Bahru Parkway crosses Tebrau Highway and TAR Highway about midway and serves as the middle ring road of the metropolitan area.

Additionally, the Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road aids in controlling the traffic in and around the CBD.

Intercity Network

Access to the national expressway system is possible via the North-South Expressway, with entry-exit points located strategically within the metropolitan area.

The Causeway links the city to the Singapore with a six-lane road and a railway line. The Second Link Expressway located west of the metropolitan area was constructed in 1997 to help alleviate the congested Causeway. It is linked directly to Johor Bahru Parkway and North-South Expressway.

Airport and Seaports

Johor Bahru is well served with strong connectivity to regional and international centres.

Senai International Airport, located north-west of the metropolitan area, serves regional and national airlines. It is one of the hubs of AirAsia.

The Port of Tanjung Pelepas, located west of the metropolitan area in the new area of Nusajaya, is Malaysia's biggest transhipment hub.

Johor Port, otherwise known as the Pasir Gudang Port, is located on the eastern side of the metropolitan area in the industrial area of Pasir Gudang. It is the country's most important commodity and mineral resources seaports as Johor is home to a large number of major commercial plantations and Pasir Gudang is home to majority of Malaysia resources refineries.

Singapore's world-renowned seaports and airport also caters to Johor Bahru's transportation/logistics need, as they are both less than an hour's drive from the city.

Radio Stations

Johor Bahru is also home to three radio stations. Best 104 is the country's first private radio station, Johor FM is a government-owned regional station, and FMJB, is another government-owned station covering only the city.

Urban Renewal

A number of urban renewal projects in the city centre with the aim of making the city centre more pedestrian friendly has recently been completed. Among these projects are:

• Pedestrianisation of Jalan Meldrum by narrowing the two-way street into a single-lane street with the accompanying pedestrian mall with outdoor cafe kiosks.
• Pedestrianisation of the area around OCBC Bank and City Council building.
• The construction of Legaran Segget, or Segget Walk.
• The construction of Laman Tun Sri Lanang, a small park in the heart of the city.

Monorail Project

Among future plans in place include the construction of a maglev monorail to link JB Sentral to Carrefour Pandan or Tebrau City Shopping Centre and from JB Sentral to Danga Bay and Skudai. Construction of the monorail is expected to start as early as 2007.

Similar to the KL Monorail project where all the structures are elevated, the project will have eight stations between Johor Sentral, located next to the causeway, and Aeon Jusco near the Pandan Hospital.

Jalur Mudra expects the Johor monorail to ferry some 98,000 passengers daily with tickets priced between RM1.50 and RM2.60 for the 13-minute ride between Johor Sentral and Aeon Jusco.[4]

Radio stations

Johor Bahru is also home to three radio stations. Best 104 is the country's first private radio station, Johor FM is a government-owned regional station, and FMJB, is another government-owned station covering only the city.

Sister Cities

• Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Istanbul, Turkey
• Shenzhen, China July 2006

Related article

• Johor Bahru landmarks (businesses, buildings, places of worship, etc.)
• Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road
• Daerah Sentral Johor Bahru
• Johor Causeway
• Malaysia-Singapore Second Link
• Southern Integrated Gateway
• South Johor Economic Region

External links

• Johor Bahru in Pictures
• Static maps related to Johor Bahru
• Johor Bahru Community Portal
• Johor Bahru Best Directory
• Community Portal for Pulai(Johor Bahru) Parliment Area
• Iskandar.com.my Johor is in the Iskandar Region

•  • [ e] Johor Darul Ta'zim
Districts	Batu Pahat • Johor Bahru • Kluang • Kota Tinggi • Mersing • Muar • Pontian • Segamat
Cities	Johor Bahru (capital)
Towns	Ayer Hitam • Air Papan • Bakri • Bandar Baru UDA • Bandar Dato' Onn • Bandar Nusajaya • Bandar Penawar • Bandar Tenggara • Batu Enam • Batu Pahat • Bekok • Benut • Bukit Gambir • Bukit Kangkar • Bukit Kepong • Bukit Naning • Bukit Pasir • Buloh Kasap • Chaah • Desaru • Endau • Gelang Patah • Gemas Baharu • Jemaluang • Jementah • Johor Lama • Kahang • Kampung Tengah • Kelapa Sawit • Kempas • Kluang • Kong Kong • Kota Tinggi • Kulai • Kukup • Labis • Layang-Layang • Lenga • Lima Kedai • Lok Heng • Lombong • Machap • Masai • Mengkibol • Mersing • Muar • Pagoh • Paloh • Parit Bakar • Parit Jawa • Parit Raja • Parit Sulong • Parit Yaani • Panchor • Pasir Gudang • Pasir Pelangi • Pendas • Pekan Air Panas • Pekan Nanas • Pengerang • Permas Jaya • Plentong • Pontian Kechil • Renggam • Rengit • Sagil • Saleng • Sedenak • Sedili • Segamat • Semerah • Senai • Senggarang • Simpang Renggam • Skudai • Sri Gading • Sri Medan • Stulang • Sungai Balang • Sungai Karas • Sungai Mati • Sungai Rengit • Taman Universiti • Tampoi • Tangkak • Tanjung Balau • Tanjung Kupang • Tanjung Leman • Tanjung Langsat • Tanjung Piai • Tanjung Pelepas • Tanjung Pengelih • Teluk Mahkota • Teluk Ramunia • Tenggaroh • Tongkang Pechah • Ulu Tiram • Yong Peng
Villages	Kampung Melayu Majidee • Kampung Minyak Beku • Kampung Nong Chik • Kampung Tengah
Islands	Pulau Aur • Pulau Batu Puteh (in dispute with Singapore) • Pulau Besar • Pulau Pemanggil • Pulau Rawa • Pulau Sibu • Pulau Tinggi

•  • [ e] Iskandar Development Region (South Johor Economic Region)
IDR Key Entity	Khazanah Nasional • Iskandar Region Development Authority • South Johor Investment Corporation Berhad • Kumpulan Prasarana Rakyat Johor • Johor Corporation • UEM Group • Ekovest Berhad
IDR Zones	Johor Bahru • Skudai • Bandar Nusajaya • Tanjung Kupang • Pasir Gudang • Larkin • Permas Jaya • Senai • Kulai • Bandar Dato' Onn • Bandar Sri Alam • Tampoi • Gelang Patah • Ulu Tiram • Tanjung Langsat • Masai • Plentong • Danga Bay • Node 1 Integrated City
IDR Major Landmarks	Persada Johor • Johor-Singapore Causeway • Southern Integrated Gateway • Larkin Transport Terminal Complex and Central Market • Nusajaya • Malaysia-Singapore Second Link • Johor Port • Port of Tanjung Pelepas • Johor Technopark • Senai International Airport • Tanjung Piai • MSC Cyberport
IDR Infrastructure	Pasir Gudang Highway • Second Link Expressway • North-South Expressway Southern Route • JB Monorail • Senai-Desaru Expressway • JB Eastern Dispersal Link • Skudai Highway • Tebrau Highway • Johor Bahru West Coast Parkway
IDR Educational	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

•  • [ e] Cities in Malaysia
Alor Star • George Town • Ipoh • Johor Bahru • Kota Kinabalu • Kuala Lumpur • Kuching • Malacca Town • Miri • Petaling Jaya • Shah Alam