Kashmiri language

Information about Kashmiri language

For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)
Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر kạ̄šur)
Spoken in:India (Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)[1]
Region:South Asia (Indian subcontinent)
Total speakers:4.6 million[1]
Ranking:
Genetic classification:
Official status
Official language of: India [1]
Regulated by:
Language codes
ISO 639-1ks
ISO 639-2kas
SIL
See also: Language – List of languages


Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur) is a northwestern Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated mostly in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India.[4][5][6] It has about 4,611,000 speakers: 4,391,000 of whom reside in India and 105,000 of whom reside in Pakistan.[1] While Kashmiri belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages it is sometimes placed in a geographical sub-grouping called Dardic.[8] It is one of the 23 scheduled languages of India.[9]

It is a V2 word order language. Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script. Currently, Kashmiri is written in either the Perso-Arabic script (with some modifications) or the Devanagari script. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is practically unique, in that it regularly indicates all vowel sounds [10]

Literacy in Kashmiri is continuously neglected due to various political reasons and lack of formal education in it. It is now mostly relevant in its spoken form, and the speakers of this language are also decreasing in number. Note that the primary official language of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is not Kashmiri, but Urdu. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Hindi as a second language.[1] In the past few decades, Kashmiri was introduced as a subject at the university and the colleges of the valley. At present, attempts are on for inclusion of Kashmiri in school curriculum.

In 1919 George Abraham Grierson wrote that “Kashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literature”. Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, this is, more-or-less, the age of many a modern literature including English.

There is only one online newspaper in Kashmiri, though a number of literary magazines are published regularly.

Kashmiri poetry

The Kashmiri language has a rich literary heritage. It has been the language of numerous sufi and folk poets. The songs in the Kashmiri language are called gewun /gewun/ and the chorus songs are known as wonwun /wonwun/.

The earliest literary composition in Kashmiri that has survived is the poetry of Lalleshvari, a 14th century mystic poetess.[12]

Amongst great Kashmiri writers was Mahmud Gami, a prolific writer who used with equal competence almost all forms of poetry in Kashmiri - mathnavi, vatsun, ghazal, rouf, na’t - although his greatest contribution is in the area of mathnavi. His free rendering and adaptation of several Persian mathnavis inaugurated a long tradition of mathnavi writing in Kashmiri which includes such distinguished names as those of Wali-ul-lah Mattoo, Abdul Ahad Nazim, Wahhab Parrey, Muhi-ud-Din Miskeen, Amir-ud-Din Kreri, Maqbool Shah Kralawari Shams-ud-Din Hairat. and Mir Haseen Subla`.Sufi Peot.

References

1. ^ Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
2. ^ Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
3. ^ Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
4. ^ Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
5. ^ Kashmiri Literature. Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
6. ^ Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity. Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc. (KOA). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
7. ^ Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
8. ^ Kashmiri language. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
9. ^ Scheduled Languages of India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
10. ^ Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems, 753-754. 
11. ^ Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.
12. ^ The Poplar and the Chinar: Kashmir in a Historical Outline. Kashmir Information Network (KIN). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.

See also

External links

 •  • [ e]
Indo-Iranian languages
Indic (Indo-Aryan)
Iranian
DardicDameli Domaaki Gawar-Bati Kalash Kashmiri Khowar Kohistani Nangalami Pashayi Palula Shina Shumashti
NuristaniAskunu Kamkata-viri Tregami Vasi-vari Waigali
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Kashmiri can refer to:
  • The Kashmiri people living in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent.
  • The Kashmiri language spoken in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Coordinates: Delhi (Hindi: दिल्ली, Punjabi: ਦਿੱਲੀ, Urdu:
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Jammu and Kashmir Also reffered as Indian occupied kashmir by Pakistan(IOK) pronunciation   (help info )
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Punjab pronunciation   (help info ) (Punjabi: ਪੰ
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Coordinates:

Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu:
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Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam   (Urdu)
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State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: اسلامی جمھوریۃ آزاد کشمیر
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South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. It is surrounded by (from west to east) Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia.
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Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of countries lying substantially on the Indian tectonic plate. These include countries on the continental crust— India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan, island countries
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This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. Languages are listed for secondary locations only when spoken by more than 1% of the population.
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This is a list of bodies that regulate standard languages.

Afrikaans Die Taalkommissie, South Africa
Arabic Academy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية, Syria, Egypt, Jordan,
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ISO 639 is the set of international standards that lists short codes for language names.

ISO 639 consists of different parts, of which two parts have been approved and a third part that is in the final approval (FDIS) stage. The other parts are works in progress.
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Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in
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A language is a system of symbols and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon.
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lists of languages:
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Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan".
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Kashmir (Urdu: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Historically the term Kashmir was used to refer to the valley lying between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range.
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Jammu and Kashmir Also reffered as Indian occupied kashmir by Pakistan(IOK) pronunciation   (help info )
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
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Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam   (Urdu)
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Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan".
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Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, the northern Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and much of Central Asia.
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Dardic languages are a group of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is divided between India and Pakistan.
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Verb-second (V2) word order, in syntax, is the rule in some languages that the second constituent of declarative main clauses is always a verb, while this is not necessarily the case in other types of clauses.
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