Information about Kentucky

The Commonwealth of Kentucky (IPA: /kənˈtʌki/) is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Kentucky is normally included in the group of Southern states (in particular the Upland South), but it is sometimes included, geographically and culturally, in the Midwest.^[3]^[4] Kentucky is one of four U.S. states to be officially known as a commonwealth. Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 it became the 15^th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37^th largest state in terms of land area, and ranks 26^th in population.

Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State," a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the lawns and pastures throughout the state. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, the most miles of navigable waterways and streams in the Lower 48 states, and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for thoroughbred horses, horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing (including the best selling car, truck, and SUV in the U.S. market), tobacco, and college basketball.

Origin of name

Narrow country roads bounded by stone and wood plank fences are a fixture in the Kentucky Bluegrass.

The origin of Kentucky's name (variously spelled Cane-tuck-ee, Cantucky, Kain-tuck-ee, and Kentuckee before its modern spelling was accepted)^[5] has never been definitively identified, though some theories have been debunked. For example, Kentucky's name does not come from the combination of "cane" and "turkey"; and though it is the most popular belief, it is unlikely to mean "dark and bloody ground" because it isn't found in any known Indian language.^[6] The most likely etymology is that it comes from an Iroquoian word for "meadow" or "prairie"^[7]^[8] (c.f. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca këhta’keh).^[9] Other possibilities also exist: the suggestion of early Kentucky pioneer George Rogers Clark that the name means "the river of blood",<ref name="enken" /> a Wyandot name meaning "land of tomorrow", a Shawnee term possibly referring to the head of a river,^[10] or an Algonquian word for a river bottom.<ref name="kenten" />

Geography

See also: List of Kentucky counties

Kentucky

Kentucky's regions (click on image for color coding information.)

Kentucky borders states of both the Midwest and the Southeast. West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Kentucky's northern border is formed by the Ohio River, its western border by the Mississippi River.

Kentucky is the only U.S. state to have a non-contiguous part exist as an exclave surrounded by other states. Fulton County, in the far west corner of the state, includes a small part of land, Kentucky Bend, on the Mississippi River bordered by Missouri and accessible via Tennessee, created by the New Madrid Earthquake.^[11]

Kentucky can be divided into five primary regions: the Cumberland Plateau in the east, the north-central Bluegrass region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau, the Western Coal Fields and the far-west Jackson Purchase. The Bluegrass region is commonly divided into two regions, the Inner Bluegrass — the encircling 90 miles (145 km) around Lexington — and the Outer Bluegrass, the region that contains most of the Northern portion of the state, above the Knobs. Much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills.

Kentucky has 120 counties, third in the U.S. behind Texas' 254 and Georgia's 159.^[12] The original motivation for having so many counties was to ensure that residents in the days of poor roads and horseback travel could make a round trip from their home to the county seat and back in a single day.^[13] Later, however, politics began to play a part, with citizens who disagreed with the present county government simply petitioning the state to create a new county. The 1891 Kentucky Constitution placed stricter limits on county creation, stipulating that a new county:

must have a land area of at least 400 square miles (0 km);
must have a population of at least 12,000 people;
must not by its creation reduce the land area of an existing county to less than 400 square miles (0 km);
must not by its creation reduce the population of an existing county to less than 12,000 people;
must not create a county boundary line that passes within 10 miles (0 km) of an existing county seat.

These regulations have reined in the proliferation of counties in Kentucky. Since the 1891 Constitution, only McCreary County has been created.^[14] Because today's largest county by area, Pike County, is 788 square miles (2041 km), it is now impossible to create a new county from a single existing county under the current constitution. Any county created in this manner will by necessity either be smaller than 400 square miles (0 km) or reduce the land area of the old county to less than 400 square miles (0 km). It is still theoretically possible to form a new county from portions of more than one existing county (McCreary County was created from portions of three counties), but the area and boundary restrictions would make this extremely difficult.

Climate

Located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate described as humid subtropical (indicating that all monthly average temperatures are above freezing). Monthly average temperatures in Kentucky range from a high in the high 80s and low 90s (30.9 °C) to a low in the high 30s to low 40s (-4.9 °C) and averages 46 inches (116.84 cm) of precipitation a year.^[15] Kentucky experiences all four seasons, usually with striking variations in the severity of summer and winter from year to year. In fact, it is not unusual to see marked changes in temperature and weather conditions within the same day, leading many locals to observe, "If you don't like the weather, just wait a few hours and it will change."^[16]

Event	Death Toll
Louisville Tornado of 1890	est. 76–120+
April 3, 1974 Tornado Outbreak	72
March 1, 1997 Flooding	18

Major weather events that have affected Kentucky include:

The Mid-Mississippi Valley Tornado Outbreak of March 1890
The Ohio River flood of 1937
The Super Outbreak of tornadoes in 1974
Massive flooding in 1997
The North American blizzard of 2003 (mostly ice in Kentucky)

City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Kentucky Cities
Lexington	40/24	45/28	55/36	65/44	74/54	82/62	86/66	85/65	78/58	67/46	54/37	44/28
Louisville	41/25	47/28	57/37	67/46	75/56	83/65	87/70	86/68	79/61	68/48	56/39	45/30
Paducah	42/24	48/28	58/37	68/46	77/55	85/64	89/68	87/65	81/57	71/45	57/36	46/28
Pikeville	46/23	50/25	60/32	69/39	77/49	84/58	87/63	86/62	80/56	71/42	60/33	49/26
Ashland	42/19	47/21	57/29	68/37	77/47	84/56	88/61	87/59	80/52	69/40	57/31	46/23
[1]

Lakes and rivers

Lake Cumberland is the largest artificial lake, in terms of volume, east of the Mississippi River.

Kentucky’s 90,000 miles (0 km) of streams provides one of the most expansive and complex stream systems in the nation. Kentucky has both the largest artificial lake east of the Mississippi in water volume (Lake Cumberland) and surface area (Kentucky Lake). It is the only U.S. state to be bordered on three sides by rivers — the Mississippi River to the west, the Ohio River to the north, and the Big Sandy River and Tug Fork to the east.^[17] Its major internal rivers include the Kentucky River, Tennessee River, Cumberland River, Green River, and Licking River.

Though it has only three major natural lakes,^[18] the state is home to many artificial lakes. Kentucky also has more navigable miles of water than any other state in the union, other than Alaska.^[19]

Natural environment and conservation

Kentucky has an expansive park system which includes one national park, two National Recreation areas, two National Historic Parks, two national forests, 45 state parks, 37,696 acres (153 km) of state forest, and 82 Wildlife Management Areas.

Kentucky has been part of two of the most successful wildlife reintroduction projects in United States history. In the winter of 1997, the state's eastern counties began to re-stock elk, which had been extinct from the area for over 150 years. As of 2006, the state's herd was estimated at 5,700 animals, the largest herd east of the Mississippi River.^[20]

The state also stocked wild turkeys in the 1950s. Once extinct in the state, today Kentucky has more turkeys per capita than any other eastern state.

Top tourist attractions in Kentucky

Place	Visitors per year
City of Louisville	7 million
Lake Cumberland	5 million^[21]
Land Between the Lakes	4 million^[22]
Mammoth Cave National Park	2 million^[23]
Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area	2 million
Red River Gorge / Natural Bridge	1.5 million

Significant natural attractions

Cumberland Gap, chief passageway through the Appalachian Mountains in early American history.
Cumberland Falls State Park, one of the few places in the Western Hemisphere where a "moon-bow" may be regularly seen.^[24]
Mammoth Cave National Park, featuring the world's longest cave system.^[25]
Red River Gorge Geological Area, part of the Daniel Boone National Forest.
Land Between the Lakes, a National Recreation Area managed by the United States Forest Service.

Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest a 14,000 acre (57 km²) arboretum, forest and nature preserve located in Clermont.^[26]

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site in Hodgenville.
Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area near Whitley City.
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail also passes through Kentucky.
Black Mountain, state's highest point.<ref name="usgs" /> Runs along the border of Harlan and Letcher counties.
Bad Branch Falls State Nature Preserve, 2,639 acre (11 km) state nature preserve on southern slope of Pine Mountain in Letcher County. Includes one of the largest concentrations of rare and endangered species in the state,^[27] as well as a 60 foot (18 m) waterfall and a Kentucky Wild River.
Jefferson Memorial Forest, located south of Louisville in the Knobs region, the largest municipally run forest in the United States.^[28]
Green River Lake State Park, located in Taylor County.
Lake Cumberland, 1,255 miles (2020 km) of shoreline located in South Central Kentucky.

History

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas, 1851–52).

Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were born in Kentucky.

Although inhabited by Native Americans in prehistoric times, when explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in the mid-1700s, there were no major Native American settlements in the region.^[29] Instead, the country was used as hunting grounds by Shawnees from the north and Cherokees from the south. Much of what is now Kentucky was purchased from Native Americans in the treaties of Fort Stanwix (1768) and Sycamore Shoals (1775).^[30] Thereafter, Kentucky grew rapidly as the first settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were founded, with settlers (primarily from Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania) entering the region via the Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River. The most famous of these early explorers and settlers was Daniel Boone, traditionally considered one of the founders of the state.^[31] Shawnees north of the Ohio River, however, were unhappy about the settlement of Kentucky, and allied themselves with the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).^[32] Kentucky was a battleground during the war; the Battle of Blue Licks, one of the last major battles of the Revolution, was fought in Kentucky.^[33]

After the American Revolution, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County.^[34] Eventually, the residents of Kentucky County petitioned for a separation from Virginia. Ten constitutional conventions were held in the Constitution Square Courthouse in Danville between 1784 and 1792. In 1790, Kentucky's delegates accepted Virginia's terms of separation, and a state constitution was drafted at the final convention in April 1792. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state to be admitted to the union and Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected the first Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.^[35]

Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War.^[36] Although frequently described as never having seceded, a group of Kentucky soldiers stationed at Russellville did pass an Ordinance of Secession under the moniker "Convention of the People of Kentucky" on November 20, 1861,^[37] establishing a Confederate government for the state with its capital in Bowling Green.^[38] Though Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag.^[39] the legitimacy of the Russellville Convention may well be questioned. Only a year earlier, philosopher Karl Marx wrote in a letter to Friedrich Engels that the result of a vote deciding how Kentucky would be represented at a convention of the border states was "100,000 for the Union ticket, only a few thousand for secession."^[40] Kentucky officially remained "neutral" throughout the war due to Union sympathies of many of the Commonwealth's citizens. Even today, however, Confederate Memorial Day is observed by some in Kentucky on Jefferson Davis' birthday, June 3.^[41]

Designed by the Washington Monument's architect Robert Mills in 1845, the U.S. Marine Hospital in Louisville is considered the best remaining antebellum hospital in the United States

On January 30, 1900, Governor William Goebel was mortally wounded by an assailant while in the process of contesting the election of 1899, initially assumed to be won by William S. Taylor. For several months, J. C. W. Beckham, Goebel's running mate, and Taylor fought over who was the real governor until the Supreme Court of the United States decided in May that Beckham was the rightful governor. Taylor fled to Indiana and was later indicted as a co-conspirator in Goebel's assassination. Goebel remains the only governor of a U.S. state to have been assassinated while in office.^[42]

Law and government

Government

Kentucky is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd numbered years (The others are Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Virginia). Kentucky holds elections for these offices every 4 years in the years preceding Presidential election years. Thus, the last year when Kentucky elected a Governor was 2003; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2007, with future gubernatorial elections to take place in 2011, 2015, 2019, etc.

State government

The Kentucky State Capitol building in Frankfort

Kentucky's legislative branch consists of a bicameral body known as the Kentucky General Assembly. The Senate is considered the upper house. It has 38 members, and is led by the President of the Senate, currently Republican David L. Williams. The House of Representatives has 100 members, and is led by the Speaker of the House, currently Democrat Jody Richards. The executive branch is headed by the governor and lieutenant governor. Under the current Kentucky Constitution, the lieutenant governor assumes the duties of the governor only if the governor is incapacitated. (Prior to 1992, the lieutenant governor assumed power any time the governor was out of the state.) The governor and lieutenant governor usually run on a single ticket (also per a 1992 constitutional amendment), and are elected to four-year terms. Currently, the governor and lieutenant governor are Republicans Ernie Fletcher and Steve Pence, respectively. The judicial branch of Kentucky is made up of courts of limited jurisdiction called District Courts; courts of general jurisdiction called Circuit Courts; an intermediate appellate court, the Kentucky Court of Appeals; and a court of last resort, the Kentucky Supreme Court. Unlike federal judges, who are usually appointed, justices serving on Kentucky state courts are chosen by the state's populace in non-partisan elections. The state's chief prosecutor, law enforcement officer, and law officer is the attorney general. The attorney general is elected to a four-year term and may serve two consecutive terms under the current Kentucky Constitution. Currently, the Kentucky attorney general is Democrat Greg Stumbo.

Federal representation

A map showing Kentucky's six congressional districts

Kentucky's two Senators are Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and Jim Bunning, both Republicans. The state is divided into six Congressional Districts, represented by Republicans Ed Whitfield (1^st), Ron Lewis (2^nd), Geoff Davis (4^th), and Hal Rogers (5^th), and Democrats John Yarmuth (3^rd) and Ben Chandler (6^th). Judicially, Kentucky is split into two Federal court districts: the Kentucky Eastern District and the Kentucky Western District. Appeals are heard in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals based in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Political leanings

Where politics are concerned, Kentucky historically has been very hard fought and leaned slightly toward the Democratic Party, although it was never included among the "Solid South." In 2006, 57.05% of the state's voters were officially registered as Democrats, 36.55% registered Republican, and 6.39% registered with some other political party.^[43] Kentucky has voted Republican in five of the last seven presidential elections but has supported the Democratic candidates of the South. The Commonwealth supported Democrats Jimmy Carter in 1976, and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, but Republican George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004. Bush won the state's 8 electoral votes overwhelmingly in 2004 by a margin of 20 percentage points and 59.6% of the vote.^[44]

Law

Kentucky's body of laws, known as the Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS), were enacted in 1942 to better organize and clarify the whole of Kentucky law.^[45] The statutes are enforced by local police, sheriffs, and sheriff's deputies. Unless they have completed a police academy elsewhere, these officers are required to complete training at the Kentucky Department of Criminal Justice Training Center on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University.^[46] Additionally, in 1948, the Kentucky General Assembly established the Kentucky State Police, making it the 38^th state to create a force whose jurisdiction extends throughout the given state.^[47] Kentucky is one of 38 states in the United States that sanctions the death penalty for certain crimes. Criminals convicted after March 31, 1998 are always executed by lethal injection; those convicted before this date may opt for the electric chair.^[48] Only two people have been executed in Kentucky since the U.S. Supreme Court reinstituted the practice in 1976. The most notable execution in Kentucky, however, was that of Rainey Bethea on August 14, 1936. Bethea was publicly hanged in Owensboro for the rape and murder of Lischia Edwards.^[49] Irregularities with the execution led to this becoming the last public execution in the United States.^[50] Kentucky has been on the front lines of the debate over displaying the Ten Commandments on public property. In the 2005 case of McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals that a display of the Ten Commandments in the Whitley City courthouse of McCreary County was unconstitutional.^[51] Later that year, Judge Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, writing for the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case of ACLU of Kentucky v. Mercer County, wrote that a display including the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Ten Commandments, the Magna Carta, The Star-Spangled Banner, and the national motto could be erected in the Mercer County courthouse.^[52]

Demographics

Kentucky Population Density Map.

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%
1790	73,677	—
1800	220,955	0%
1810	406,511	0%
1820	564,317	0%
1830	687,917	0%
1840	779,828	0%
1850	982,405	0%
1860	1,155,684	0%
1870	1,321,011	0%
1880	1,648,690	0%
1890	1,858,635	0%
1900	2,147,174	0%
1910	2,289,905	0%
1920	2,416,630	0%
1930	2,614,589	0%
1940	2,845,627	0%
1950	2,944,806	0%
1960	3,038,156	0%
1970	3,218,706	0%
1980	3,660,777	0%
1990	3,685,296	0%
2000	4,041,769	0%
Est. 2006	4,206,074	0%
[2]

As of July 1, 2006, Kentucky has an estimated population of 4,206,074, which is an increase of 33,466, or 0.8%, from the prior year and an increase of 164,586, or 4.1%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,156 people (that is 287,222 births minus 210,066 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 59,604 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 27,435 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 32,169 people. As of 2004, Kentucky's population included about 95,000 foreign-born (2.3%).

Since 1900, rural Kentucky counties have experienced a net loss of over 1 million people, while urban areas have experienced a slight net gain in population.^[53]

The center of population of Kentucky is located in Washington County, in the city of Willisburg.^[54]

Race and ancestry

The five largest ancestries in the commonwealth are: American (20.9%) (Mostly of British ancestry), German (12.7%), Irish (10.5%) (Most actually of Scots-Irish descent), English (9.7%), African American (7.8%). Only eight Kentucky counties have a majority ancestry listed that is not 'American', those being Christian and Fulton, which where African American is the largest reported ancestry, and the state's most urban counties of Jefferson, Oldham, Fayette, Boone, Kenton, and Campbell, where German is the largest reported ancestry.^[55]

African Americans, who made up one-fourth of Kentucky's population prior to the Civil War, declined in number as many moved to the industrial North in the Great Migration. Today 44.2% of Kentucky's African American population is in Jefferson County and 52% are in the Louisville Metro Area. Other areas with high concentrations include Christian County and the city of Paducah, the Bluegrass, and the city of Lexington. Many mining communities in far Southeastern Kentucky also have populations between five and 10 percent African American.

Demographics of Kentucky (csv)
By race	White	Black	AIAN	Asian	NHPI
_{AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native - NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander}
2000 (total population)	91.53%	7.76%	0.61%	0.92%	0.08%
2000 (Hispanic only)	1.35%	0.10%	0.04%	0.02%	0.01%
2005 (total population)	91.27%	7.98%	0.58%	1.10%	0.08%
2005 (Hispanic only)	1.80%	0.12%	0.04%	0.03%	0.01%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population)	2.97%	6.16%	-2.21%	23.46%	9.78%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)	2.44%	5.94%	-3.28%	23.07%	7.98%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)	37.97%	22.34%	13.51%	38.48%	19.80%

Religion

Lexington Theological Seminary (then College of the Bible), 1904.

In 2000, The Association of Religion Data Archives reported^[56] that of Kentucky's 4,041,769 residents:

33.68% were members of evangelical Protestant churches
Southern Baptist Convention (979,994 members, 24.25%)
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ (106,638 members, 2.64%)
Church of Christ (58,602 members, 1.45%)
10.05% were Roman Catholics
8.77% belonged to mainline Protestant churches
United Methodist Church (208,720 members, 5.16%)
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (67,611 members, 1.67%)
0.05% were members of orthodox churches
0.88% were affiliated with other theologies
46.57% were not affiliated with any church.

Today Kentucky is home to several seminaries. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville is the principal seminary for the Southern Baptist Convention. Louisville is also the home of the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Lexington has two seminaries, Lexington Theological Seminary, and the Baptist Seminary of Kentucky. Asbury Theological Seminary is located in nearby Wilmore. In addition to seminaries, there are several colleges affiliated with denominations. Transylvania in Lexington is affiliated with the Disciples of Christ. In Louisville, Bellarmine and Spalding are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. Louisville is also home to the headquarters of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and their printing press. Louisville is also home to a sizable Jewish population.

Religious movements

Religious movements were important in the early history of Kentucky. Perhaps the most famous event was the interdenominational revival in August 1801 at the Cane Ridge Meeting house in Bourbon County. As part of what is now known as the "Western Revival", thousands began meeting around a Presbyterian communion service on August 6, 1801, and ended six days later on August 12, 1801 when both humans and horses ran out of food.^[57] Some claim that the Cane Ridge revival was propagated from an earlier camp meeting at Red River Meeting House in Logan County.^[58]

Economy

The best selling car in the United States, the Toyota Camry, is manufactured in Georgetown, Kentucky.

The best selling truck in the United States, the Ford F-Series, is manufactured in Louisville, Kentucky.

The total gross state product for 2005 was US$140.4 billion, 27^th in the nation. Its per-capita personal income was US$28,513, 43^rd in the nation.^[59] Kentucky's agricultural outputs are horses, cattle, tobacco, dairy products, hogs, soybeans, and corn. Its industrial outputs are transportation equipment, chemical products, electric equipment, machinery, food processing, tobacco products, coal, and tourism. The Eastern Kentucky Coal Fields are recognized as being among the most productive in the nation.

Kentucky ranks 4^th among U.S. states in the number of automobiles and trucks assembled.^[60] The Chevrolet Corvette, Cadillac XLR, Ford Explorer, Ford Super Duty trucks, Toyota Camry, Toyota Avalon, and Toyota Solara are assembled in Kentucky.

Unlike many bordering states which developed a widespread industrial economy, much of rural Kentucky has maintained a farm based economy, with cattle, corn, and soybeans being the main crops. The area immediately outside Lexington is also the leading region for breeding Thoroughbred racing horses, due to the high calcium content in the soil. Despite being the 14^th smallest state in terms of land area, Kentucky still ranks 5^th in the total number of farms, with more farms per square mile than any other U.S. state.^[61] The average farm size in Kentucky is only 153 acres (0 km).^[62]

Kentucky ranks 5th nationally in goat farming, 8th in beef cattle production^[63] , and 14th in corn production.^[64]

State taxes

There are 5 income tax brackets, ranging from 2% to 6% of personal income.^[65] The sales tax rate in Kentucky is 6%.^[66] Kentucky has a broadly based classified property tax system. All classes of property, unless exempted by the Constitution, are taxed by the state, although at widely varying rates.^[67] Many of these classes are exempted from taxation by local government. Of the classes that are subject to local taxation, three have special rates set by the General Assembly, one by the Kentucky Supreme Court and the remaining classes are subject to the full local rate, which includes the tax rate set by the local taxing bodies plus all voted levies. Real property is assessed on 100% of the fair market value and property taxes are due by December 31. Once the primary source of state and local government revenue, property taxes now account for only about 6% of the Kentucky's annual General Fund revenues.^[68]

Until January 1, 2006, Kentucky imposed a tax on intangible personal property held by a taxpayer on January 1 of each year. The Kentucky intangible tax was repealed under House Bill 272.^[69] Intangible property consisted of any property or investment which represents evidence of value or the right to value. Some types of intangible property included: bonds, notes, retail repurchase agreements, accounts receivable, trusts, enforceable contracts sale of real estate (land contracts), money in hand, money in safe deposit boxes, annuities, interests in estates, loans to stockholders, and commercial paper.

"Unbridled Spirit"

To boost Kentucky’s image, give it a consistent reach, and help Kentucky stand out from the crowd" the Fletcher administration launched a comprehensive branding campaign with the hope of making its $12 - $14 million advertising budget more effective. The "Unbridled Spirit" brand was the result of a $500,000 contract with New West, a Kentucky-based public relations, advertising and marketing firm to develop a viable brand and tag line. The administration has been aggressively marketing the brand in both the public and private sectors. The "Welcome to Kentucky" signs at border areas have Unbridled Spirit's symbol on them.

The previous campaign was neither a failure nor a success. Kentucky's "It's that friendly" slogan hoped to draw more people into the state based of the idea of southern hospitality. Though most Kentuckians liked the slogan, as it embraced southern values, it was also not an image that encouraged tourism as much as initially hoped for. Therefore it was necessary to reconfigure a slogan to embrace Kentucky as a whole while also encouraging more people to visit the Bluegrass.^[70]

Transportation

Roads

Kentucky Route 80 is the longest route in Kentucky, pictured here west of Somerset.

Kentucky is served by five major interstate highways (I-75, I-71, I-64, I-65, I-24), nine parkways, and three bypasses and spurs. The parkways were originally toll roads, but on November 22, 2006, Governor Ernie Fletcher ended the toll charges on the William H. Natcher Parkway and the Audubon Parkway, the last two parkways in Kentucky to charge tolls for access.^[71] The related toll booths have been demolished.^[72]

Ending the tolls some seven months ahead of schedule was generally agreed to have been a positive economic development for transportation in Kentucky. In June 2007, a law went into effect raising the speed limit on rural portions of Kentucky Interstates from 65 to 70 miles per hour, with signs expected to be changed by mid-July.^[73]

Rails

High Bridge over the Kentucky River was the tallest rail bridge in the world when it was completed in 1877.

See also: List of Kentucky railroads

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Ashland, South Portsmouth and Fulton, Kentucky. The Cardinal, Trains 50 and 51, is the line that offers Amtrak service to Ashland and South Portsmouth. Amtrak Trains 58 and 59, the City of New Orleans serves Fulton. The Northern Kentucky area, is served by the Cardinal at the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal. The Museum Center is just across the Ohio River in Cincinnati.

As of 2004, there were approximately 2,640 miles (4,250.4 km) of railways in Kentucky, with about 65% of those being operated by CSX Transportation. Coal was by far the most common cargo, accounting for 76% of cargo loaded and 61% of cargo delivered.^[74]

Bardstown features a tourist attraction known as My Old Kentucky Dinner Train. Run along a 20 mile (0 km) stretch of rail purchased from CSX in 1987, guests are served a four-course meal as they make a two-and-a-half hour round-trip between Bardstown and Limestone Springs.^[75] The Kentucky Railway Museum is located in nearby New Haven.^[76]

Other areas in Kentucky are reclaiming old railways in rail trail projects. One such project is Louisville's Big Four Bridge. If completed, the Big Four Bridge rail trail will contain the second longest pedestrian-only bridge in the world.^[77] The longest pedestrian-only bridge is also found in Kentucky — the Newport Southbank Bridge, popularly known as the "Purple People Bridge", connecting Newport to Cincinnati, Ohio.^[78]

Air

Kentucky's primary airports include Louisville International Airport (Standiford Field), Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, and Blue Grass Airport. Louisville International Airport is home to UPS's Worldport, its international air-sorting hub.^[79] There are also a number of regional airports scattered across the state.

On August 27, 2006, Kentucky's Blue Grass Airport in Lexington was the site of a crash that killed 47 passengers and 2 crew members aboard a Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet designated Comair Flight 5191.^[80] The lone survivor was the flight's first officer, James Polehinke, who doctors determined to be brain damaged and unable to recall the crash at all.^[81] The NTSB's report has not yet been released, but reports state that the air traffic controller on duty at the time of the crash was working on approximately two hours of sleep^[82] with outdated charts of the airport.^[83] According to FAA rules, should have been working alongside another controller, which he was not.^[84]

Water

A barge hauling coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal, the only man made section of the Ohio River

Being bounded by the two largest rivers in North America, water transportation has historically played a major role in Kentucky's economy. Most barge traffic on Kentucky waterways consists of coal that is shipped from both the Eastern and Western Coalfields, about half of which is used locally to power many power plants located directly off the Ohio River, with the rest being exported to other countries, most notably Japan.

Many of the largest ports in the United States are located in or adjacent to Kentucky, including

Huntington-Ashland, largest inland port and 7th largest overall
Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky, 5th largest inland port and 43rd overall
Louisville-Southern Indiana, 7th largest inland port and 55th overall

As a state, Kentucky ranks 10th overall in port tonage.^[85]^[86]

The only natural obstacle along the entire length of the Ohio River was the Falls of the Ohio, located just west of Downtown Louisville.

Counties

Kentucky is subdivided into 120 counties, the largest being Pike County, Kentucky at 787.6 square miles, and the most populous being Jefferson County, Kentucky (the county containing the Louisville metropolitan area) with 693,604 residents as of 2000.^[87]

County government, under the Kentucky Constitution of 1891, is vested in a County Judge (later renamed County Judge/Executive), who serves as the executive head of the county, and a legislature called a Fiscal Court. Despite the unusual name, the Fiscal Court no longer has judicial functions.

Cities and towns

15 Largest Cities^[88]^[89]	2006 Population
Louisville	554,496
Lexington	270,789
Owensboro	55,525
Bowling Green	53,176
Covington	42,797
Richmond	31,431
Henderson	27,915
Hopkinsville	27,415
Frankfort	27,077
Florence	26,929
Jeffersontown	25,907
Paducah	25,661
Nicholasville	24,791
Elizabethtown	23,406
Ashland	21,570

See also: List of cities in Kentucky

The Greater Louisville Metro Area holds a very disproportionate share of Kentucky's population, growth and wealth, and is by definition Kentucky's primate city. The city has a 2006 estimated population of 554,496, while the Louisville Combined Statistical Area (CSA) has a population of 1,356,798; including 1,003,025 in Kentucky, which is nearly 1/4 of the state's population. Since 2000 over 1/3 of the state's population growth has occurred in the Louisville CSA. In addition, seven of the 15 wealthiest counties in the state are located in the Louisville CSA.^[90]

The second largest city is Lexington with a 2006 census estimated population of 270,789 and its CSA having a population of 645,006. The Northern Kentucky area (the seven Kentucky counties in the Cincinnati CSA) had an estimated population of 408,783 in 2006. The metropolitan areas of Louisville, Lexington, and Northern Kentucky have a combined population of 2,169,394 as of 2006, which is 51.5% of the state's total population.

The two other fast growing urban areas in Kentucky are the Bowling Green area and the "Tri Cities Region" of southeastern Kentucky, comprised of Somerset, London, and Corbin.

Although only one town in the "Tri Cities", namely Somerset, currently has more than 10,000 people, the area has been experiencing heightened population and job growth since the 1990s. Growth has been especially rapid in Laurel County, which outgrew areas such as Scott and Jessamine counties around Lexington or Shelby and Nelson Counties around Louisville. London is currently on pace to double its population in the 2000s from 5,692 in 2000 to 10,879 in 2010. London also landed a Wal-Mart distribution center in 1997, bringing thousands of jobs to the community.

In northeast Kentucky, the greater Ashland area is an important transportation and manufacturing center. Iron and petroleum production, as well as the transport of coal by rail and barge, have been historical pillars of the region's economy. Due to a decline in the area's industrial base, Ashland has seen a sizable reduction in its population since 1990. The population of the area has since stabilized, however, with the medical service industry taking a greater role in the local economy. The Ashland area, including the Kentucky counties of Boyd and Greenup, is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649. About 20,000 of those people reside within the city limits of Ashland.

Population growth is centered along and between interstates I-65 and I-75.

Louisville is the state's largest city with a metro population of 1.2 million.

Lexington is the state's second largest city with a metro population of around 500,000.

Although Covington, Kentucky only has a population of 42,000, the Kentucky side of the Cincinnati metro area has a population of 400,000.

Education

The University of Louisville is one of Kentucky's institutions of higher learning.

Main article: Education in Kentucky

Kentucky maintains eight public four-year colleges and universities. The two major research institutions are the University of Kentucky, which is the land grant system, and the University of Louisville. Both combine for over 99% of endowment in the system and rank first or second in academic rankings and average ACT scores in the state system. The other six colleges in the state system are regional universities.

The state's sixteen public two-year colleges have been governed by the Kentucky Community and Technical College System since the passage of the Postsecondary Education Improvement Act of 1997, commonly referred to as House Bill 1.^[91] Prior to the passage of House Bill 1, most of these colleges were under the control of the University of Kentucky.

Berea College, located at the extreme southern edge of the Bluegrass below the Cumberland Plateau, was the first coeducational college in the South to admit both black and white students, doing so from its very establishment in 1855.^[92] This policy was successfully challenged in the United State Supreme Court in the case of Berea College v. Kentucky in 1908.^[93] This decision effectively segregated Berea until the landmark Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

Kentucky has been the site of much educational reform over the past two decades. In 1989, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that the state's education system was unconstitutional.^[94] The response of the General Assembly was passage of the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) the following year. Years later, Kentucky has shown progress, but most agree that further reform is needed.^[95]

Culture

Old Louisville is the largest Victorian Historic neighborhood in the United States.

See also: Theater in Kentucky

Although Kentucky's culture is generally considered to be Southern, it is unique and also influenced by the Midwest and Appalachia. The state is known for bourbon and whiskey distiling, horse racing, and gambling. Kentucky is more similar to the Upper South in terms of ancestry which is predominantly American.^[96] Neveretheless, during the 19th century, the state Kentucky did receive a substantial number of German and Irish immigrants, who settled primarily in the Midwest. Only Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, and Oklahoma, all also border states, have higher German ancestry percentages than Kentucky among Census-defined Southern states.^[97] Kentucky was a slave state, and blacks once comprised over one-quarter of its population. However, it lacked the cotton plantation system and never had the same high percentage of African Americans as most other slave states. With less than 8% of its current population being black, Kentucky is rarely included in modern-day definitions of the Black Belt, despite a relatively significant rural African American population in the Central and Western areas of the state.^[98]^[99]^[100] Kentucky adopted the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in most public spheres after the Civil War, but the state never disenfranchised African American citizens to the level of the Deep South states, and it peacefully integrated its schools after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education verdict, later adopting the first state civil rights act in the South in 1966.^[101]

The biggest day in horse racing, the Kentucky Derby, is preceded by the two-week Kentucky Derby Festival^[102] in Louisville. Louisville also plays host to the Kentucky State Fair,^[103] the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival,^[104] and Southern gospel's annual highlight, the National Quartet Convention.^[105] Owensboro, Kentucky's third largest city, gives credence to its nickname of "Barbecue Capital of the World" by hosting the annual International Bar-B-Q Festival.^[106] Bowling Green, Kentucky's fifth largest city and home to the only assembly plant in the world that manufactures the Chevrolet Corvette,^[107] opened the National Corvette Museum in 1994.^[108]

Old Louisville, the largest historic preservation district in the United States featuring Victorian architecture and the third largest overall,^[109] hosts the St. James Court Art Show, the largest outdoor art show in the United States.^[110] The neighborhood was also home to the Southern Exposition (1883–1887), which featured the first public display of Thomas Edison's light bulb,^[111] and was the setting of Alice Hegan Rice's novel, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch and Fontaine Fox's comic strip, the "Toonerville Trolley.^[112]

The more rural communities are not without traditions of their own, however. Hodgenville, the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, hosts the annual Lincoln Days Celebration, and will also host the kick-off for the National Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration in February 2008. Bardstown celebrates its heritage as a major bourbon-producing region with the Kentucky Bourbon Festival.^[113] (Legend holds that Baptist minister Elijah Craig invented bourbon with his black slave in Georgetown, but some dispute this claim.)^[114] Glasgow mimics Glasgow, Scotland by hosting its own version of the Highland Games,^[115] and Sturgis hosts "Little Sturgis", a mini version of Sturgis, South Dakota's annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally.^[116] The residents of tiny Benton even pay tribute to their favorite tuber, the sweet potato, by hosting Tater Day.^[117] Residents of Clarkson in Grayson County celebrate their city's ties to the honey industry by celebrating the Clarkson Honeyfest.^[118] The Clarkson Honeyfest is held the last Thursday, Friday and Saturday in September, and is the "Official State Honey Festival of Kentucky."

Music

Main article: Music of Kentucky

See also:

The breadth of music in Kentucky is indeed wide, stretching from the Purchase to the eastern mountains. Contemporary Christian music star Steven Curtis Chapman is a Paducah native, and Rock and Roll Hall of Famers The Everly Brothers are closely connected with Muhlenberg County, where older brother Don was born. Kentucky was also home to Mildred and Patty Hill, the Louisville sisters credited with composing the tune to the ditty Happy Birthday to You; Loretta Lynn (Johnson County), and Billy Ray Cyrus (Flatwoods). However, its depth lies in its signature sound — Bluegrass music. Bill Monroe, "The Father of Bluegrass", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David "Stringbean" Akeman, Louis Marshall "Grandpa" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro,^[119] while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington.^[120]

Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years).^[121] Blues legend W.C. Handy and R&B singer Wilson Pickett also spent considerable time in Kentucky. The pop bands Midnight Star and Nappy Roots were both formed in Kentucky, as were country acts The Kentucky Headhunters and Montgomery Gentry, as well as Dove Award-winning Christian groups Audio Adrenaline (rock) and Bride (metal).

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Kentucky

Kentucky's cuisine, like much of the state's culture, is unique and is considered to blend elements of both the South and Midwest, given its location between the two regions.^[122]^[123] One original Kentucky dish is called the Hot Brown, a layered dish normally in this order: bread, tomatoes, turkey, bacon, and topped with melted cheese. It was developed at the Brown Hotel in Louisville.^[124] The Pendennis Club in Louisville is the Birthplace of the drink The Old Fashioned.

Sports

Kentucky's Churchill Downs hosts the Kentucky Derby.

Main article: Sports in Kentucky

Kentucky boasts no major league sports teams, but several minor league teams call it home. Professional teams in nearby cities, however, have strong fan support depending on the part of the state, with Nashville teams having strong fan support in South Central and most of Western Kentucky, Nashville and St. Louis teams competing for loyalties in the Purchase, Indianapolis and Chicago teams predominating in the Louisville area, and Cincinnati teams having strong support in Central and Eastern Kentucky. The northern part of the state lies across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, which is home to a National Football League team, the Bengals, and a Major League Baseball team, the Reds. It is not uncommon for fans to park in the city of Newport and use the Newport Southbank Pedestrian Bridge, locally known as the "Purple People Bridge," to walk to these games in Cincinnati. Many restaurants and stores in Newport rely on business from these fans. Also, Georgetown College in Georgetown is the location for the Bengals' summer training camp.^[125]

As in many states, especially those without major league professional sport teams, college athletics are very important. This is especially true of the state's three Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs, including the Kentucky Wildcats, the Western Kentucky University Hilltoppers, and the Louisville Cardinals. The Wildcats, Hilltoppers, and Cardinals are among the most tradition-rich college basketball teams in the United States, combining for nine championships and 22 NCAA Final Fours; and all three are on the lists of total all-time wins, wins per season, and average wins per season. Louisville has also stepped onto the football scene in recent years, with eight straight bowl games, including the 2007 Orange Bowl. Western Kentucky, the 2002 national champion in Division I-AA football (now Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), is currently transitioning to Division I FBS football.

State symbols

Main article: List of Kentucky state insignia

See also: Flag of Kentucky

Insignia	Symbol	Binomial nomenclature	Year Adopted^[126]
Official State Bird	Cardinal	Cardinalis cardinalis	1926
Official State Butterfly	Viceroy Butterfly	Limenitis archippus	1990
Official State Dance	Clogging		2001
Official State Beverage	Milk		2005
Official State Fish	Kentucky Spotted Bass	Micropterus punctulatus	2005
Official State Fossil	Brachiopod	undetermined	1985
Official State Flower	Goldenrod	Soldiago gigantea	1926
Official State Fruit	Blackberry	Rubus allegheniensis	2004
Official State Gemstone	Freshwater Pearl		1986
State Grass	Kentucky Bluegrass	Poa pratensis	Traditional
Official State Latin Motto	"Deo gratiam habeamus" ("With gratitude to God")		2002
Official State Horse	Thoroughbred	Equus caballus	1996
Official State Mineral	Coal		1998
Official State Outdoor Musical	"The Stephen Foster Story" (now called "Stephen Foster - The Musical")		2002
Official State Instrument	Appalachian Dulcimer		2001
State Nickname	"The Bluegrass State"		Traditional
Official State Rock	Kentucky Agate		2000
Official State Slogan	"Kentucky: Unbridled Spirit"		2004^[127]
Official State Soil	Crider Soil Series		1990
Official State Tree	Tulip Poplar	Liriodendron tulipifera	1994
Official Wild Animal Game Species	Gray Squirrel	Sciurus carolinensis	1968
Official State Song	"My Old Kentucky Home" (revised version)		1986
Official State Silverware Pattern	''Old Kentucky Blue Grass: The Georgetown Pattern''		1996
Official State Music	Bluegrass music		2007^[128]

Official state places and events

State arboretum: Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest
State botanical garden: The Arboretum: State Botanical Garden of Kentucky
State Science Center: Louisville Science Center
State center for celebration of African American heritage: Kentucky Center for African American Heritage
State honey festival: Clarkson Honeyfest^[129]
State amphitheater: Iroquois Amphitheater (Louisville)

State tug-o-war championship: The Fordsville Tug-of-War Championship
Covered Bridge Capital of Kentucky: Fleming County
Official Covered Bridge of Kentucky: Switzer Covered Bridge (Franklin County)
Official steam locomotive of Kentucky: "Old 152" (located in the Kentucky Railway Museum in New Haven)
Official pipe band: Louisville Pipe Band
State bourbon festival: Kentucky Bourbon Festival, Incorporated, of Bardstown, Kentucky

Unless otherwise specified, all state symbol information is taken from Kentucky State Symbols.

Gallery

The world famous Louisville Slugger baseball bat is made in Kentucky.	Kentucky's 2001 commemorative quarter.	Thunder Over Louisville is the largest annual fireworks show in the world.	Kentucky's horse farms are world renowned.
The Daniel Boone National Forest.	The Ohio River forms the northern border of Kentucky.	US Highway 23 cuts through the rugged Cumberland Plateau near Pikeville.	Memorial to the victims of the great Louisville Tornado of 1890, which was the 20th deadliest in US History.