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Kings Of Jerusalem

This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day.

Kings of Jerusalem (1099-1291)

The Kingdom of Jerusalem had its origins in the First Crusade, when Godfrey of Bouillon took the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Protector of the Holy Sepulcher) in 1099 and was crowned as ruler of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

The following year, his brother Baldwin I was the first to use the title king and the first to be crowned king in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem itself.

The actual title of the early kings of Jerusalem was Rex Latinitas Ierosolimitanus, or other variations meaning king of the Latins of Jerusalem. They did not pretend to rule over the native Christian, Muslim, or Jewish populations.

The kingship of Jerusalem was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the Haute Cour. Here the king was considered a primus inter pares (first among equals), and in his absence his duties were performed by his seneschal.

The royal palace was located in the Citadel of the Tower of David. The Kingdom of Jerusalem introduced French feudal structures to the Levant. The king personally held several fiefs incorporated into the royal domain, that varied from king to king). He was also responsible for leading the kingdom into battle, although this duty could be passed to a constable.

While several contemporary European states were moving towards centralized monarchies, the king of Jerusalem was continually losing power to the strongest of his barons. This was partially due to the young age of many of the kings, and the frequency of regents from the ranks of the nobles.

After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the capital of the kingdom was moved to Acre, where it remained until 1291, although coronations took place in Tyre.

In this period the kingship was often simply a nominal position, held by a European ruler who never actually lived in Acre. When young Conrad III was king and living in Southern Germany, his father's second cousin, Hugh of Brienne, claimed the regency of the kingdom of Jerusalem and, indirectly his place in the succession. The claim was made in 1264 as senior descendant and rightfull heir of Alice of Champagne, second daughter of Queen Isabella I, Hugh being the son of their eldest daughter. But was passed over by the Haute Cour in favor of his cousin, Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus and Hugh I of Jerusalem.

After Conrad III's execution by Charles I of Sicily in 1268, the kingship was held by the Lusignan family, who were simultaneously kings of Cyprus. However, Charles I of Sicily purchased the rights of one of the heirs of the kingdom in 1277.

In that year, he sent Roger of Sanseverino to the East as his bailiff. Roger captured Acre and obtained a forced homage from the barons. Roger was recalled in 1282 due to the Sicilian Vespers and left Odo Poilechien in his place to rule. His resources and authority was minimal, and he was ejected by Henry II of Cyprus when he arrived from Cyprus for his coronation as King of Jerusalem.

Acre was captured by the Mamluks in 1291, eliminating the crusader presence in the east.

King/Queen Reigned Regent
Godfrey (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre)1099–1100
Baldwin I1100–1118
Baldwin II1118–1131Eustace Grenier (Regent, 1123)
William Bures (Regent, 1123-1124)
Melisende and Fulk1131–1153 Fulk lost influence after 1136, and died in 1143. Melisende continued to reign by right of law
Baldwin III1143–1162, was crowned as co-ruler and heir of Melisende 1143; claimed full power in 1153Melisende (Regent and advisor, 1154–1161)
Amalric I1162–1174
Baldwin IV1174–1185Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1174–1177)
Guy of Lusignan (Regent, 1183–1184)
Baldwin V1185–1186Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1185–1186)
Sibylla and Guy1186–1187
Jerusalem lost in 1187; Sybilla died in 1190, but Guy refused to cede crown; kingship disputed until 1192, after which kings ruled over a narrow coastal strip
Isabella I1192–1205
With Conrad I1192
With Henry I1192–1197
With Amalric II1198–1205
Maria1205–1212John of Ibelin (Regent, 1205–1210)
With John I1210–1212
Yolande (Isabella II)1212–1228John I (Regent 1212–1225)
With Frederick1225–1228
Conrad II (Conrad of Hohenstaufen)1228–1254Frederick II (Regent, 1228–1243)
Queen Alice of Cyprus (Regent, 1243–1246)
King Henry I of Cyprus (Regent, 1246–1253)
Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1253–1254)
Conrad III1254–1268Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1254–1261
Isabella of Lusignan (Regent, 1261–1264)
Hugh of Antioch (Regent, 1264–1268 (challenged by the claim of Hugh of Brienne))
Hugh I (the former Hugh of Antioch)1268–1284 (firstly challenged by claims of Hugh of Brienne and Mary of Antioch, then opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Charles of Anjou1277–1285 (Opposed by Hugh I and John II)
John II1284–1285 (Opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Henry II1285–1291
Acre captured in 1291; kingdom ends.

Claimants Kings of Jerusalem (1291 until today)

Origins of the claims

Over the years, many European rulers claimed to be the rightful heirs to one of these claims. None of these, however, have actually ruled over a part of the Kingdom:

Potential claimants today

There are several potential claimants today on the basis of (disputed) inheritance of the title. None of these have, or claim, any power in the area of the former Kingdom.

Lines of succession in several claims

Italics indicate individuals who did not themselves use the title of king of Jerusalem.

Cypriot claimants

House of Lusignan In 1460, Charlotte was dispossessed of Cyprus by her illegitimate half-brother James. However, she maintained her claims until 1485, when she resigned them to the next legitimate heir, Charles I of Savoy.

House of Lusignan House of Savoy On the death of Charles, the Duchy of Savoy passed to his heir-male Philip, and the Dukes of Savoy continued to claim Jerusalem. However, there was never historically a bar on female succession to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

House of Ligne or House of Urach-Württemberg House of Savoy

Neapolitan claimants

House of Anjou

Mary of Antioch claimed the throne of Jerusalem from 1269 to 1277. She was the daughter of Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch and his second wife Melisende of Cyprus. Melisende was the youngest daughter of Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem and her fourth husband, king-consort Amalric II of Jerusalem.

Since Mary was, at the time of the death of Conrad III, the only living grandchild of queen Isabella, she claimed the throne on basis of proximity in blood to the kings of Jerusalem. Denied by the Haute Cour, she went to Rome and sold her rights, with papal blessing and confirmation, to Charles of Anjou in 1277.

Thereafter, this claim to the kingdom of Jerusalem was treated also as tributary to the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance.

House of Anjou House of Anjou House of Anjou House of Anjou Rene I united the claims of junior and senior lines. However, in 1441, control of the Kingdom of Naples was lost to Alfonso V of Aragon, who also claimed the kingdom of Jerusalem thereby.

In addition, while René was succeeded in Bar by his grandson René of Vaudemont, René's nephew and heir male Charles IV of Anjou claimed the kingdoms of Sicily and Jerusalem, and he then testamented them to his cousin Louis XI of France.

In 1494 Charles VIII of France also claimed the Kingdom of Naples and Jerusalem as the great-grandson of Louis II of Anjou and launched his conquest. House of Anjou
* Yolande 1480–1483, Titular Queen of Jerusalem, Sicily, Aragon etc


House of Lorraine
* René II 1480–1508, Titular King of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon etc. (did not adopt the title until 1493)
* Anthony 1508–1544
* Francis I 1544–1545
* Charles III 1545–1608
* Henry 1608–1624
* Nicoletta 1624–1657, and her husband Charles
* Ferdinand I Philip 1657–1659
* Charles Leopold'' 1659–1690
* Leopold I Joseph 1679–1729, resumed the title in 1700
* Francis II Stephen 1729–1765


House of Habsburg-Lorraine
* Joseph 1765–1790
* Leopold II 1790–1792
* Francis III 1792–1835
* Ferdinand 1835–1875
* Francis Joseph 1875–1916
* Charles 1916–1922
* Otto 1922–present


House of Anjou

Other historic claims

References

1. ^ Evgenii Petrovich Karnovich (1823-1885) Rodovye prozvaniya I tituly v Rossii (Family Names and Titles in Russia) St Peterburgh 1886
2. ^ Cecil R. Humphery-Smith, Princes of Lusignan page 5 The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies 2004.
3. ^ In the issue No. 180 of the Peterburgskiy Listok (Petersburg List) Newspaper July 3-15, 1884, a list of deceased in St Petersburg between June 11 and June 18 was found. There was a record for Louis Christian de Lusignan, colonel(retired). In the same newspaper issue No. 172 June 25-July 7, 1884, the following article was published: " The deceased who was buried therby on Smolensk graveyard on July 23, was a titled King of Cyprus and Jerusalem and Armenia, descendant of one of the protector of God's Casket, colonel of the Russian service, Louis de Lusignan."

See also

10th century - 11st century - 12nd century
1060s  1070s  1080s  - 1090s -  1100s  1110s  1120s
1096 1097 1098 - 1099 - 1100 1101 1102

Lists of leaders
State leaders - Sovereign states

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1291 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1291
MCCXCI
Ab urbe condita 2044
Armenian calendar 740
ԹՎ ՉԽ
Bah' calendar -553 – -552
Buddhist calendar 1835
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Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted less than two hundred years, until 1291 when the last remaining outpost, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks.
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First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim rule.
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Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060, Baisy-Thy, near Brussels – 18 July 1100, Jerusalem) was a French medieval knight and soldier who was a leader of the First Crusade from 1096 until his death.
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Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Latin Sanctum Sepulchrum), also called the Church of the Resurrection ( (Arabic,كنيسة القيامة Kinīsa al-Qiyāma
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10th century - 11st century - 12nd century
1060s  1070s  1080s  - 1090s -  1100s  1110s  1120s
1096 1097 1098 - 1099 - 1100 1101 1102

Lists of leaders
State leaders - Sovereign states

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Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem (Arabic, كنيسة المهد) is one of the oldest continuously operating churches in the world.
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Bethlehem
بيت لحم
Roman Catholic section of Church of Nativity

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Baldwin of Boulogne (1058?[1] - April 2, 1118) was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, who became the first Count of Edessa and then the second ruler and first titled King of Jerusalem.
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monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. Monarchs almost always inherit their titles and are rulers for life; that is, they have no term limit. Historically monarchs have been more or less absolute rulers.
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Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Latin Sanctum Sepulchrum), also called the Church of the Resurrection ( (Arabic,كنيسة القيامة Kinīsa al-Qiyāma
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Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם   (help info ) , Yerushaláyim; Arabic:
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Christianity

Foundations
Jesus Christ
Church Theology
New Covenant Supersessionism
Dispensationalism
Apostles Kingdom Gospel
History of Christianity Timeline
Bible
Old Testament New Testament
Books Canon Apocrypha
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Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form of 'Muslim' is Muslimah (Arabic: مسلمة).
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Historical Jewish languages
Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others
Liturgical languages:
Hebrew and Aramaic
Predominant spoken languages:
The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and
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The Haute Cour (High Court) was the feudal council of the kingdom of Jerusalem. It was sometimes also called the curia generalis, the curia regis, or, rarely, the parlement.
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For the novel by Jeffrey Archer, see .


Primus inter pares (Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people sharing the same rank or office.
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officers of the kingdom of Jerusalem: The first four of these made up the Grand Offices.

At certain times there were also:
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Tower of David is Jerusalem's "citadel", a historical and archaeological site of worldwide importance.

This is a medieval fortress, with later additions. Its towers and ramparts offer splendid views of that part of Jerusalem where Old and New meet, and East meets West.
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Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"


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Feudalism refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.
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The Levant (IPA: /lə'vænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern
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fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a form of allegiance, originally to give him the means to fulfill his military duties when called upon.
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In the feudal system, demesne (also spelled desmesne; pronounced /dəmeɪn/ [dih-MANE] or /dəmiːn/ [dih-MEEN]; via Old French demeine
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11st century - 12nd century - 13rd century
1150s  1160s  1170s  - 1180s -  1190s  1200s  1210s
1184 1185 1186 - 1187 - 1188 1189 1190

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
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Acre (or Akko) (Hebrew: עַכּוֹ‎ akko; Arabic: عكّا akka
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1291 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1291
MCCXCI
Ab urbe condita 2044
Armenian calendar 740
ԹՎ ՉԽ
Bah' calendar -553 – -552
Buddhist calendar 1835
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State Party  Lebanon
Type Cultural
Criteria iii, vi
Reference 299
Region Arab States

Inscription History
Inscription 1984  (8th Session)
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Conrad or Conradin of Hohenstaufen (also called Conrad the Younger, Conradin the Boy, Conrad V, German Konradin or Konrad V, or Konrad der Jüngere
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