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Kipchak

Enlarge picture
Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200 C.E.
Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Ukrainian: Половці (polovtsy), Crimean Tatar: Qıpçaq, Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ, Uzbek: Qipchoq, Қипчоқ, Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Kumyk: Къыпчакъ, Kyrgyz: Кыпчак, Nogai: Кыпчак, Chinese: 欽察/钦察, Qīnchá, Turkish: Kıpçak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western Kipchaks were known as Cumans (Kuman, Kuns) in Western Europe and Polovtsy (Polovtsians) in Ukraine and Russia, or by other names, most of which have the meaning "pale", or "sallow". Their language was also known as Kipchak.

History

Kipchaks were a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin, known in Ukrainian and Russian as Polovtsy, who lived in yurts (movable tents) and came from the region of the River Irtysh. Some tribes of the Kipchak confederation probably originated near the Chinese borders and, after having moved into western Siberia by the 9th century, migrated further west into the trans-Volga region (now western Kazakstan).

They occupied a vast, sprawling territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea (now in Ukraine and southwestern Russia) and founded a nomadic state (Desht-i Qipchaq). They invaded the territory of Moldavia, Wallachia and part of Transylvania in the 11th century, and from there they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries they became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians, and the Pechenegs, allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz of Kyiv Rus Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century, and finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. After the breakup of the Mongol empire, the Kipchaks became the part of the khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, called the Golden Horde, the westernmost division of the Mongol empire.

The Kuman, or western Kipchak tribes, fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamelukes in Egypt, were Kipchaks, one of the most prominent examples being Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea.

Language & Culture

Enlarge picture
Kipchak steppe art as exhibited in Dnepropetrovsk.
The Kipchak spoke a Turkic language whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak and Latin. The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.

The modern Northwestern Turkic languages are named after the Kipchaks. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are now known as Siberian Tatars, Nogays, Kazakhs, Tatars (partly), Crimean Tatars (partly), Karachays (partly), Krymchaks, Karaims (partly), Kumyks (partly).

According to some accounts, Kipchaks have somewhat descended into modern Kyrgyz and Kazakh ethnic populations. Kipchak is the name of a Kazakh tribe within modern-day Kazakhstan, as well as the name of a Kyrgyz tribe within modern-day Kyrgyzstan.

There is also a village named 'Kipchak' existent in Crimea.

The word "kypchak" is found in traditional Oghuz Turkish Khan Epics .

See also

Sources and notes

Further reading

External links

Ukrainian}}} 
Official status
Official language of:  Ukraine
Transnistria (Moldova)
Regulated by: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Language codes
ISO 639-1: uk
ISO 639-2: ukr
ISO 639-3: ukr  


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The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili, Qırımtatarca), also known as Crimean (Qırım tili
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Karachay-Balkar language (Къарачай-Малкъар /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars.
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Uzbek (O‘zbek tili in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic script) is an Eastern Turkic language and
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Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[1], natively Qazaq tili, Қазақ тілі,
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Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) (Кумык) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousand speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation.
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Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, Кыргыз тили, قىرعىز ٴتىلى) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of
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Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. Three distinct dialects are recognized: Qara-Nogay (Black or Northern Nogay), spoken in Dagestan; Nogai Proper, in Stavropol; and Aqnogay
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Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or language family.
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Turkish (Türkçe, ] (help info )
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Turkic peoples are a group of peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. These peoples share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds.
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Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. Though various definitions of its exact composition exist, no one definition is universally accepted. Despite this uncertainty in defining borders, it does have some important overall characteristics.
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2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire, followed by the Achaemenids.
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Cuman, also called Polovtsy, Polovtsian, or the Anglicized Polovzian (Russian: Половцы Polovcy, Ukrainian: Половцi
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Western Europe is mainly a socio-political concept forged during the Cold War, which largely defined its borders. Its boundaries were effectively forged during the final stages of World War II and came to encompass all European countries which did not come under Soviet control and
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Anthem
Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля  
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Anthem
Hymn of the Russian Federation


Capital
(and largest city) Moscow

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The Kipchak language (also spelled Qypchaq) is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group.

The descendants of the Kipchak language include the majority of Turkic languages spoken in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus today, as Kipchak was used as a lingua franca in
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Ukrainian}}} 
Official status
Official language of:  Ukraine
Transnistria (Moldova)
Regulated by: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Language codes
ISO 639-1: uk
ISO 639-2: ukr
ISO 639-3: ukr  


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Russian}}} 
Writing system: Cyrillic (Russian variant)  
Official status
Official language of:  Abkhazia (Georgia)
 Belarus
 Commonwealth of Independent States (working)
 Crimea (de facto; Ukraine)
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Origin Altay Mountains
Mouth Ob River
Basin countries Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia
Length 4,248 km (2,640 mi)

Avg. discharge 2,150 m³/s (near Tobolsk)
Basin area 1,643,000 km²

Irtysh
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This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
China (Traditional Chinese:
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Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, Sibir); is a vast region on the eastern and North-Eastern part of the Russian Federation constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the
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Volga River (Peка Волга)

Volga in Yaroslavl (autumn morning)


Country | Russia

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Anthem
My Kazakhstan


Capital Astana

Largest city Almaty
Official languages Kazakh (state language), Russian
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Eurasia can refer to:
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Location Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Central Asia)
Coordinates Coordinates:
Lake type
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Euxine Sea (Older name) redirects here.


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Anthem
Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля  
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Anthem
Hymn of the Russian Federation


Capital
(and largest city) Moscow

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