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Kyrgyz

For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see .
Kyrgyz
A traditional Kyrgyz Manaschi performing part of the Manas epic poem at a yurt camp in Karakol
Total population
approx. 4 million
Regions with significant populations
 Kyrgyzstan3.55 million[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html]
 Uzbekistan225,000
 China144,000[1]
 Tajikistan81,000
 Russia32,000[2]
 Kazakhstan11,000[3]
 Ukraine3,000[4]
Languages
Kyrgyz
Religions
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
other Turkic peoples


Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirghiz) are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan.

Etymology

There are several etymological theories on the name "Kyrgyz." First, the name Kyrgyz may mean "forty girls" (kyrk + kyz), a reference to the Manas epic. This is symbolized by the yellow sun in the center of the flag of Kyrgyzstan, which has 40 rays referring to forty Kyrgyz tribes. Next, a meaning of "forty tribes" (kyrk + uuz) which makes more direct sense. Finally, a meaning (kyrgys, adj.), meaning "imperishable", "inextinguishable" or "undying". This version has an obvious popular appreciation. Historical evidence for many conflicts with other peoples also supports this theory.

Origins

According to recent historical findings, Kyrgyz history dates back to 201 BC. The early Yenisei Kirghiz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia. Chinese and Muslim sources of the 7th–12th centuries AD describe the Kyrgyz as red-haired with fair complexion and green (blue) eyes. First appearing in Chinese records of the Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109 BC to 91 BC), as Gekun or Jiankun (鬲昆 or 隔昆), and later as part of the Tiele tribes, they were once under the rule of Göktürks and Uyghurs.

The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is confirmed on the other hand by recent genetic studies.[1] Remarkably, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men share Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) with Tajiks (64%), Ukrainians (54% ), Poles and Hungarians (~60%), and even Icelanders (25%). Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) is believed to be a marker of the Proto-Indo-European language speakers.

The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khanate in 840 AD. Then Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the 12th century, however, the Kyrgyz domination had shrunk to the Altay Range and the Sayan Mountains as a result of the rising Mongol expansion. With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. In 1207, after the establishment of Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Mongol empire), Ghengis khan's oldest son Jochi occupied Kyrgyzstan without resistance. They remained a Mongol vassal until the late of 14th century.

Various Turkic peoples ruled them until 1685, when they came under the control of the Kalmyks (Oirats, Dzungars).

Religion

Enlarge picture
A minaret in Kyrgyzstan.
Kyrgyz are predominantly Muslims. Islam was first introduced by Arab traders who travelled along the Silk Road in the seventh and eight century.

In the 8th century, orthodox Islam reached the Fergana valley with the Uzbeks. Atheism, on the other hand, took some following in the northern regions under Russian communist influence. As of today, few cultural rituals of Shamanism are still practiced alongside with Islam particularly in Central Kyrgyzstan. During a July 2007 interview, Bermet Akayeva, the daughter of Askar Akayev, the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated that Islam is increasingly taking root even in the northern portion which came under communist influence.[2] She emphasized that many Mosques have been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was "not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner."[3]

The Kyrgyz in China

The Kyrgyz form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz in China.

They are found mainly in the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a smaller remainder found in the neighboring Wushi (Uqturpan), Aksu, Shache (Yarkand), Yingisar, Taxkorgan and Pishan (Guma), and in Tekes, Zhaosu (Monggolkure), Emin (Dorbiljin), Bole (Bortala), Jinghev (Jing) and Gonliu in northern Xinjiang. Several hundred Kyrgyz whose forefathers emigrated to Northeast China more than 200 years ago now live in Wujiazi Village in Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province.

Certain segments of the Kyrgyz in China are followers of Tibetan Buddhism.[4]

Notable Kyrgyz people

See also

Notes

1. ^ The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
2. ^ [5]
3. ^ [6]
4. ^ 柯尔克孜族. China.com.cn. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. (Chinese)

References and further reading

 •  • [ e]
Ethnic groups in China  as classified by the People's Republic of China
Achang Bai Blang Bonan Buyei Dai Daur De'ang Derung Dong Dongxiang Evenk Gaoshan Gelao Han Hani Hezhen Hui Jing Jingpo Jino Kazakh Kirgiz Korean Lahu Lhoba Li Lisu Manchu Maonan Miao Monba Mongol Mulao Nakhi Nu Oroqen Pumi Qiang Russian Salar She Shui Tajik Tatar Tibetan Tu Tujia Uyghur Uzbek Va Xibe Yao Yi Yugur Zhuang    Undistinguished ethnic groups
The Epic of Manas is a traditional epic poem of the Kyrgyz people. Manas is the name of the epic's hero. The poem, with close to half a million lines, is twenty times longer than Homer's Odyssey and Iliad combined, or about twice as long as the
..... Click the link for more information.
Karakol (Каракол = black arm in Kyrgyz), formerly Przhevalsk, is a city of about 75,000, located at 42.49 N, 78.39 E near the eastern tip of Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan and about 150 km from the Kyrgyz-Chinese border.
..... Click the link for more information.
Kyrgyz Republic


Flag Coat of arms
Motto
none
Anthem
National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan


Capital Tashkent

Largest city Tashkent
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
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Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
Jumhūrī-yi Tojīkiston

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Anthem
Hymn of the Russian Federation


Capital
(and largest city) Moscow

..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
My Kazakhstan


Capital Astana

Largest city Almaty
Official languages Kazakh (state language), Russian
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля  
..... Click the link for more information.
Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, Кыргыз тили, قىرعىز ٴتىلى) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of
..... Click the link for more information.
Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Sunnism or as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic:
..... Click the link for more information.
Turkic peoples are a group of peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. These peoples share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
Turkic peoples are a group of peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. These peoples share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.[1] Ethnicity is also defined from the recognition by others as a distinct group[2]
..... Click the link for more information.
Kyrgyz Republic


Flag Coat of arms
Motto
none
Anthem
National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
..... Click the link for more information.
The Epic of Manas is a traditional epic poem of the Kyrgyz people. Manas is the name of the epic's hero. The poem, with close to half a million lines, is twenty times longer than Homer's Odyssey and Iliad combined, or about twice as long as the
..... Click the link for more information.
flag of Kyrgyzstan was adopted on March 3, 1992. It consists of a red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; alternate interpretations suggest 40 warriors of the mythical hero Manas.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Yenisei Kirghiz or Xiajiasi (Chinese: 黠戛斯) were an ancient people that dwelled at the headwaters of the Yenisei River and Minusinsk Depression between the 3rd century BCE to 9th century.
..... Click the link for more information.
Origin Tuva (Russia), Darkhad Valley (Mongolia)
Mouth Arctic Ocean
Basin countries Russia, Mongolia
Length 5,539 km (3,445 mi)

Avg.
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Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, Sibir); is a vast region on the eastern and North-Eastern part of the Russian Federation constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the
..... Click the link for more information.
Sima Qian (ca. 145–90 BC) was a Prefect of the Grand Scribes (太史令) of the Han Dynasty. He is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography because of his highly praised work, Records of the Grand Historian
..... Click the link for more information.
The Records of the Grand Historian (Traditional Chinese: 史記; Simplified Chinese: 史记; Pinyin: Shǐjì
..... Click the link for more information.
2nd century BC - 1st century BC
130s BC  120s BC  110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC  80s BC  70s BC 
112 BC 111 BC 110 BC - 109 BC - 108 BC 107 BC 106 BC

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states

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1st century BC - 1st century
120s BC  110s BC  100s BC - 90s BC - 80s BC  70s BC  60s BC 
94 BC 93 BC 92 BC - 91 BC - 90 BC 89 BC 88 BC

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
-
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Dingling (丁零) or Gaoche (高車), Chile (敕勒), Tiele (鐵勒) were an ancient Siberian people. They originally lived on the bank of the Lena River in the area west of Lake Baikal and began to expand westward in the
..... Click the link for more information.
The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue (突厥 Tūjué), the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin Khan (d.
..... Click the link for more information.
Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; Traditional Chinese:
..... Click the link for more information.
Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, Sibir); is a vast region on the eastern and North-Eastern part of the Russian Federation constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the
..... Click the link for more information.
R1a1 is a specific sequence of nucleotides in the male Y chromosome and a Y-chromosome haplogroup identified with the genetic marker M17, and is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tājīk (Persian: تاجيک; UniPers: Tâjik; Tajik: Тоҷик
..... Click the link for more information.


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