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Lancashire

Lancashire
Geography
StatusCeremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
OriginHistoric
RegionNorth West England
Area
- Total
- Admin. council
- Admin. area
Ranked 17th
 km ( sq mi)
Ranked 16th
 km ( sq mi)
Admin HQPreston
GB-LAN
ONS code30
NUTS 3UKD43
Demographics
Population
- Total (2005 est.)
- Density
- Admin. council
- Admin. pop.
Ranked 8th
1,439,200
/km (/sq mi)
Ranked 4th
1,156,100
Ethnicity93.4% White
5.3% S. Asian
1.3% Other
Politics
Enlarge picture
Arms of Lancashire County Council

Lancashire County Council
[1]
ExecutiveLabour
Members of Parliament
Districts
  1. West Lancashire
  2. Chorley
  3. South Ribble
  4. Fylde
  5. Preston
  6. Wyre
  7. Lancaster
  8. Ribble Valley
  9. Pendle
  10. Burnley
  11. Rossendale
  12. Hyndburn
  13. Blackpool (Unitary)
  14. Blackburn with Darwen (Unitary)


Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster.[1] Its county council is based in Preston, the county's administrative capital. Lancaster however is still considered to be the county town. Commonly, Lancashire is referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, originally used by the Royal Mail. People from the county are known as Lancastrians. The county was subject to a significant boundary change in 1974,[2] which removed Liverpool and Manchester with most of their surrounding conurbations to form part of the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester.[3] The Duchy of Lancaster exercises the right of the Crown in the area known as the County Palatine of Lancaster.

Divisions and environs

The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Burnley, Chorley, Fylde, Hyndburn, Lancaster, Pendle, Preston, the Ribble Valley, Rossendale, South Ribble, West Lancashire, and Wyre.[4][5]

Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen are unitary authorities which form part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but do not come under county council control.[6] The Lancashire Constabulary covers the two unitary authorities.[7] The ceremonial county, the area including the unitary authorities, borders Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, and Merseyside and forms part of the North West England region.[8]

Lancashire County Council

The county council, serving the shire county, is based in County Hall in Preston, built as a home for the Lancashire county administration (including the Quarter Sessions and Lancashire Constabulary) and opened on September 14, 1882.[9]

Local elections for 84 councillors from 84 divisions are held every four years. The council is currently controlled by the Labour Party.[10]

Physical geography

County top

The highest point of the ceremonial county is Gragareth, near Whernside, which reaches a height of 627 m (2,057 ft).[11] However, Green Hill near to Gragareth has also been cited as the county top.[12] The highest point within the historic boundaries is Coniston Old Man in the Lake District at 803 m (2,634 ft).[13]

Rivers and lakes

Lancashire drains west from the Pennines into the Irish Sea. The major rivers which discharge into the sea are the Mersey (which forms the historic border with Cheshire and is now located entirely outside the ceremonial county), Ribble, Wyre and Lune. Now within Cumbria are the Leven and Duddon (which forms the historic border with Cumberland). Major tributaries of these rivers include the Calder, Crake, Darwen, Douglas, Hodder, Irwell, Roch, Tame and Yarrow.

Within the historic boundaries are the lakes of Windermere, Coniston Water and Esthwaite Water in the Lake District, which now form part of Cumbria.[14][15] Windermere forms the traditional border with Westmorland, as does the River Brathay which feeds the lake at its northern end and the River Winster and flows into the Kent estuary to the south-east.

History

Main article: History of Lancashire
Enlarge picture
The historic county boundaries
The county was established in 1182[15] and later than many other counties. In the Domesday Book, its lands between the Ribble and the Mersey were known as "Inter Ripam et Mersham"[16] and were included in the returns for Cheshire.[17] Although some have taken this to mean that south Lancashire was, at that time, part of Cheshire[18][18], it cannot be said clearly to have been part of Cheshire.[19][20][21] It is also claimed that the territory to the north formed, at that time, part of the West Riding of Yorkshire.[22] It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.

The county was divided into the six hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby.[23] Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, which was the detached part north of Morecambe Bay (also known as Furness), and Lonsdale South.

The Red Rose of Lancaster is the traditional symbol for the House of Lancaster, immortalized in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th century War of the Roses).

Lancashire is now much smaller than its historic extent due to a local government reform.[24] In 1889 an administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historic county except for county boroughs such as Liverpool and Manchester.[25] The area covered by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) continued to cover the entirety of the administrative county along with the county boroughs, and thus was expanded slightly whenever boroughs annexed areas in other neighbouring counties. Examples of this include Wythenshawe (an area of Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire), and southern Warrington. This area also did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the traditional border between Lancashire and Yorkshire runs through the middle of the town.

During the 20th century the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs - Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.[26]
Enlarge picture
Pendle Hill, a landmark in the history of the Society of Friends.
By the census of 1971 the population of Lancashire (including all its associated county boroughs) had reached 5,129,416, making it then the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county of Lancashire was also the most populous of its type outside of London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961.

On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Lancashire was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two new metropolitan counties. The south-western part became part of Merseyside, the south-eastern part was incorporated into Greater Manchester.[27] The new county of Cumbria took the Furness exclave.[15] The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were entirely from Lancashire. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan.

Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border, rather than become part of Greater Manchester or Merseyside were instead made part of the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire.

The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, the Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from the Skipton Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire.[15]

One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.[28]

In 1998 the county borough system re-appeared in all but name, when Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities.

The City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA, founded in 1742, was named after Lancashire. It's neighbor city, York, PA is located about 30 miles to the west. The War of the Roses tradition continued with Lancaster using as its symbol the red rose, and York, the white.

Northern England referendums, 2004



In 2004 the Boundary Committee for England published recommendations for a new systems of unitary authorities in the North West. A referendum in the North East rejected a similar reform there and plans to hold a further reform in the North West, including Lancashire, were cancelled.

Local identity

A pressure group, the Friends of Real Lancashire, seek to promote use of the historic borders, and raised a petition in 1994 with 30,000 signatures calling "for the restoration of Lancashire's historic boundaries"[29][30] - the petition requested that the "Metropolitan Counties of Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria [sic] be abolished and the real and historic county of Lancashire be restored". There is also a long-running campaign for Southport to be removed from Sefton in Merseyside.<ref name lgbc_sefton>Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Sefton, Local Government Commission for England, November 1997.

Greater Manchester was never adopted as a postal county by the Royal Mail, and so places in Greater Manchester retained their Lancashire and Cheshire addresses until the abolition of postal counties in 1996. Rochdale and Wigan, for example, were classed as parts of Lancashire. Other changes to the administrative borders were reflected in the postal counties.

Lancashire has a fairly strong identity as a county. In the areas that have since been transferred into other adminstrative counties, attachment to Lancashire varies. In the Lancastrian parts of Greater Manchester, attachment to Lancashire is still strong, but the parts that were transferred to Cumbria have largely adopted their new county. In Merseyside, attachment to Lancashire tends to weaken as you get closer to Liverpool itself.[31]

Duchy of Lancaster

The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two remaining royal duchies in the United Kingdom. It has large landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, and operates as a property company, but also exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster.[32] The Duchy's website now describes the County Palatine as comprising of "the counties of Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and the Furness area of Cumbria"[33]. These new counties include areas formerly in Cheshire and Yorkshire and it is unclear as to whether this is a reference to the whole of the new counties or just the parts that comprised the Palatine prior to the 1974 boundary changes. However, in 1992 it was stated by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, William Waldegrave that the "boundaries of the county palatine are the same as the county boundaries which existed prior to local government reorganisation in 1973"[34]

High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".[35]

The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate, and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained.

There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title having merged in the Crown many centuries ago - but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was finally abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of the The Loyal Toast is still in regular local use: 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster'.

Industry and commerce

Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of industrial activity and hence of wealth. Activities included mining and textile production (particularly cotton), though on the coast there was also fishing. Historically, the docks in Preston were an industrial port, though are now disused for commercial purposes. Lancashire was historically the location of the (now on Merseyside) while Barrow-in-Furness (now in Cumbria) is famous for shipbuilding.

Today Lancashire is home to firms such as BAE Systems (which has four factories in Lancashire including Warton Aerodrome and BAE Samlesbury, major centres of production for the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter), Heinz, TVR cars, Leyland Trucks and Marconi telecoms.

Economic output

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
YearRegional Gross Value Added[36]Agriculture[37]Industry[38]Services[39]
199513,7893445,4617,984
200016,5842596,09710,229
200319,2062946,35212,560

Transport

Lancashire has a well-developed transport infrastructure[40] with an extensive network of motorways covering the county. The West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with London and other major cities, with stations at Preston and Lancaster. The county has . The county is served by Blackpool International Airport, however Manchester Airport in Greater Manchester is the main airport in the region. Liverpool John Lennon Airport, on Merseyside is also nearby.

Heysham and Fleetwood offer ferry services to Ireland and the Isle of Man.[41] As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster Canal, Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.

Demographics

The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65 - Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley - the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north is generally sparsely populated, with Morecambe and Lancaster forming a small conurbation.

Settlements

''Main article: List of places in Lancashire.


The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of administration; for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical area.

Ceremonial county Administration borough/district Centre of administration Other towns, villages and settlements
LancashireBlackburn with Darwen Borough (Unitary)BlackburnBelmont, Chapeltown, Darwen, Edgworth, Tockholes
Blackpool Borough (Unitary)BlackpoolBispham, Layton
Burnley BoroughBurnleyHarle Syke, Padiham, Rose Grove, Worsthorne, Cliviger.
Chorley BoroughChorleyAdlington, Clayton-le-Woods, Coppull, Croston, Eccleston, Euxton, Whittle-le-Woods
Fylde BoroughLytham St AnnesFreckleton, Kirkham, Warton, Wrea Green
Hyndburn BoroughAccringtonChurch, Clayton-le-Moors, Great Harwood, Oswaldtwistle, Rishton
City of LancasterLancasterBolton-le-Sands, Carnforth, Heysham, Morecambe,
Pendle BoroughNelsonBarnoldswick †, Barrowford, Brierfield, Colne, Earby †, Foulridge, Trawden
City of PrestonPrestonBarton, Broughton, Fulwood, Goosnargh, Grimsargh, Whittingham
Ribble Valley BoroughClitheroeBolton-by-Bowland, Chipping, Hurst Green, Longridge, Read, Ribchester, Slaidburn, Whalley, Wilpshire,
Rossendale BoroughRawtenstallBacup, Chatterton, Edenfield, Haslingden, Helmshore, Whitworth
South Ribble BoroughLeylandBamber Bridge, Farington, Longton, Lostock Hall, Penwortham, Samlesbury, Walton-le-Dale
West Lancashire DistrictOrmskirkAppley Bridge, Aughton, Banks, Bickerstaffe, Burscough, Downholland, Great Altcar, Halsall, Lathom, Parbold, Rufford, Scarisbrick, Skelmersdale, Tarleton, Upholland
Wyre BoroughPoulton-le-FyldeChurchtown, Cleveleys, Fleetwood, Garstang, Pilling, Preesall, St Michael's On Wyre, Thornton


This table does not form an extensive list of the settlements in the ceremonial county. More settlements can be found at , , and .


Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of West Yorkshire, Cheshire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria:[15][27][27][42][25][44][45]

Greater ManchesterAshton-in-Makerfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bolton, Bury, Chadderton, Denton, Eccles, Farnworth, Heywood, Horwich, Hindley, Leigh, Manchester, Middleton, Oldham, Prestwich, Radcliffe, Rochdale, Salford, Swinton and Pendlebury, Tyldesley, Westhoughton, Wigan
MerseysideBootle, Crosby, Formby, Huyton, Kirkby, Liverpool, Maghull, Newton-le-Willows, Prescot, St Helens, Southport
CumbriaBarrow-in-Furness, Coniston, Dalton-in-Furness, Grange-over-Sands, Ulverston
CheshireWarrington, Widnes
West YorkshireTodmorden


Note: Cities are in bold
† - part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974

Boundary changes to occur before 1974 include:[45]

Sport

Enlarge picture
The newly redeveloped Deepdale stadium home of Preston North End
Lancashire is one of Britain's most successful sporting counties.

Cricket

Lancashire County Cricket Club, based at the County Ground, Old Trafford,[46] has been one of the most successful county cricket teams, particularly in the one-day game. It is home to England cricket team members Andrew Flintoff, James Anderson and Sajid Mahmood.

Historically important local cricket leagues include the Lancashire League and the Central Lancashire League, both of which were formed in 1892. These league clubs hire international professional players to play alongside their amateur players.

Football

Six of the twelve clubs which founded the Football League were from Lancashire.

Based in ceremonial Lancashire are Premiership team Blackburn Rovers, Championship teams Burnley, Preston North End and Blackpool and from League Two: Accrington Stanley.

Based in other ceremonial counties are Premiership teams Bolton Wanderers, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Wigan Athletic. Oldham Athletic play in League One and Bury and Rochdale play in League Two. All of these teams are part of the historic county of Lancashire a county under which they have played for the majority of their history.

Together these teams have achieved 51 Football League/ Premier League titles, 7 European Cups and 42 FA Cups.

Rugby

Several successful rugby league teams are based within the historic boundaries of Lancashire, mainly in the south of the county: Of these only Blackpool Panthers are based within the ceremonial county.

Rugby union teams include Sale Sharks, Fylde, Orrell R.U.F.C. and Preston Grasshoppers.

Other

Two of the nine golf courses on the Open Championship rota are in historic Lancashire: Royal Lytham & St Annes at Lytham St Annes and Royal Birkdale near Southport.

Lancashire has a long history of wrestling, developing its own style called Lancashire wrestling with many clubs that over the years have produced many renowned wrestlers. Some of these have crossed over into the mainstream world of professional wrestling, including Billy Riley, Davey Boy Smith, William Regal and The Dynamite Kid.

Cuisine

Enlarge picture
The Ashton Memorial, Lancaster
Lancashire is widely-known for its eponymous Lancashire Hotpot, a casserole dish traditionally made with lamb and for Lancashire cheese, reputed to be the best toasting cheese in the world. Other traditional foods from the area include:

Famous Lancastrians

As one of the most populous counties Lancashire has produced many famous names. See .

Places of interest

Key
National Trust
Forestry Commission
Country Park
Accessible open space

Museums (free/not free)
Heritage railway
Historic House
Castle
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county:

Notes and References

1. ^ Vision of Britain - Lancashire
2. ^ George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
3. ^ Local Government Act 1972. 1972, c. 70
4. ^ Vision of Britain - Divisions of Lancashire
5. ^ Lancashire County Council - Lancashire districts
6. ^ OPSI - The Lancashire (Boroughs of Blackburn and Blackpool) (Structural Change) Order 1996
7. ^ Lancashire County Council - Map of Lancashire (Unitary boundaries shown)
8. ^ Government Office for the North West - Local Authorities
9. ^ Opening of the new Town-Hall at Preston. The Times. September 15, 1882.
10. ^ Lancashire County Council - County Councillors by Area
11. ^ BUBL Information Service - The Relative Hills of Britain
12. ^ Administrative (1974) County Tops
13. ^ Historic County Tops
14. ^ Cumbria County Council - Discover Cumbria
15. ^ Her Majesty's Stationary Office, Aspects of Britain: Local Government, (1996)
16. ^ Sylvester (1980). p. 14.
17. ^ Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.
18. ^ Booth, P. cited in George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
19. ^ Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252:
Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.

20. ^ Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.
21. ^ Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31:
The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.

22. ^ Booth, P. cited in George, D., Lancashire, (1991)
23. ^ Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient county divisions
24. ^ Berrington, E., Change in British Politics, (1984)
25. ^ Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient county boundaries
26. ^ Lord Redcliffe-Maud and Bruce Wood. English Local Government Reformed. (1974)
27. ^ Jones, B. et al, Politics UK, (2004)
28. ^ OPSI - The Cheshire, Lancashire and Merseyside (County and Metropolitan Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
29. ^ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4 December 1995, column 116
30. ^ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 21 April 1994, column 1146
31. ^ Alan Crosby, The Lancashire Dictionary, page xiii for Cumbria and page xix for Merseyside
32. ^ The Duchy of Lancaster - Boundary Map
33. ^ Duchy of Lancaster website
34. ^ House of Commons Hansard debates for 15 June 1992 (2nd paragraph in "Duchy of Lancaster" section
35. ^ High Sheriffs, The Times, March 21, 1985
36. ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
37. ^ includes hunting and forestry
38. ^ includes energy and construction
39. ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
40. ^ Lancashire County Council - Local Transport Plan
41. ^ Transport for Lancashire - Lancashire Inter Urban Bus and Rail Map (PDF)
42. ^ Vision of Britain - Lancashire boundaries 1974
43. ^ Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient boundaries
44. ^ Chandler, J., Local Government Today, (2001)
45. ^ Youngs. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Volume 2. Northern England.
46. ^ LCCC contact details
47. ^ History of fish and chips

Bibliography

External links


The ceremonial counties of England are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England.
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Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of English administrative division used for the purposes of local government. Due to successive legislation, there are currently several types of administrative division at this level in existence.
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The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England.[1] They were used for various functions for several hundred years[2] and continue to form, albeit with considerably altered boundaries, the basis of modern local government.
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region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England in the United Kingdom.

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North West England is one of the nine official regions of England. It has a population of 6,853,200[1]
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List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area.
Rank County Area km²
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Preston, a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, is located on the River Ribble. Preston was granted the status of a city in 2002,[1] becoming England's 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.
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List of Ceremonial counties of England by Population. The figures are mid-year estimates for 2006 from the Office for National Statistics [1] .

By population


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1 Greater London 1,571
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list of non-metropolitan counties of England by population.

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Labour Party

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Janet Anderson (born 6 December, 1949) is a British politician. She is the British Member of Parliament for Rossendale and Darwen. She is a member of the Labour Party. She lives in Darwen.
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Labour Party

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David Stanley Borrow (born August 2, 1952) is a British Labour Party politician. He is Member of Parliament for South Ribble.

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Labour Party

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Rosemary Elizabeth 'Rosie' Cooper (born 5 September 1950) is a British politician. She is the Labour Member of Parliament for West Lancashire.

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Rosie Cooper was born in Liverpool, the daughter of deaf parents, she was educated locally, initially at the St
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Labour Party

Leader Gordon Brown

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Nigel Martin Evans (born 10 November 1957) is a British politician. He is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Ribble Valley constituency.

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Mark Phillip Hendrick (born November 2, 1958) British politician and is the Labour Co-operative Member of Parliament for Preston.

Mark Hendrick, who is half-Somali, was born in Salford, Lancashire and was educated at the Salford Grammar School and the Liverpool Polytechnic
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Lindsay Harvey Hoyle MP (born 10 June 1957) is an MP in the United Kingdom. He is Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Chorley, and was first elected in 1997. He is the son of Doug Hoyle (Lord Hoyle of Warrington), a former MP for Warrington North.
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Labour Party

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Jovanka Humble, known as Joan Humble (born March 3, 1951, Skipton, Yorkshire as Jovanka Piplikova or Piplica), is a politician in the United Kingdom. She is Labour member of Parliament for Blackpool North and Fleetwood, and first won the seat in 1997.
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