Latanoprost

Information about Latanoprost

Latanoprost (pronounced la-TA-noe-prost) ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.

It is also known by the brand name of Xalatan manufactured by Pfizer.

Side effects

Possible side effects:
  • May cause reddening of the eyes (hyperemia)
  • May cause blurred vision;
  • May cause eyelid redness;
  • May permanently darken eyelashes;
  • May cause eye discomfort;
  • May eventually cause permanent darkening of the iris to brown (heterochromia);
  • May cause a temporary burning sensation during use.
  • May cause thickening of the eyelashes.
  • Rarely, herpes simplex keratitis.

External links

  • Xalatan (manufacturer's website)
  • Hara T (2001). "Increased iris pigmentation after use of latanoprost in Japanese brown eyes". Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 105 (5): 314-21. PMID 11406947. 
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Ophthalmologicals: antiglaucoma preparations and miotics (S01E)
SympathomimeticsApraclonidine • Brimonidine • Clonidine • Dipivefrine • Epinephrine
ParasympathomimeticsAceclidine • Acetylcholine • Carbachol • Demecarium • Echothiophate • Stigmine (Fluostigmine, Neostigmine, Physostigmine) • Paraoxon • Pilocarpine
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsAcetazolamide • Brinzolamide • Diclofenamide • Dorzolamide • Methazolamide
Beta blocking agentsBefunolol • Betaxolol • Carteolol • Levobunolol • Metipranolol • Timolol
Prostaglandin analoguesBimatoprost • Latanoprost • Travoprost • Unoprostone
Other agentsDapiprazole • Guanethidine
 •  • [ e]
Eicosanoids: prostaglandins
Endogenous/series 2D2 - E2 (Dinoprostone) - H2 - I2 (Prostacyclin)
Prostaglandin analoguesAlprostadil - Beraprost - Bimatoprost - Carboprost - Enprostil - Iloprost - Latanoprost - Misoprostol - Travoprost - Treprostinil
pink rim of disc contains nerve fibers. The white cup is a pit with no nerve fibers. As glaucoma advances, the cup enlarges until it occupies most of the disc area. Courtesy AgingEye Times
ICD-10 H 40. -H 42.
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Hypertension
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x

OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106   ped/1097 emerg/267


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Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye.

Physiology and measurement

Intraocular pressure is mainly determined by the coupling of the production of aqueous humor from the eye's ciliary body and its drainage through the trabecular meshwork and
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Synthetic prostaglandin analogues are molecules which are manufactured to bind to a prostaglandin receptor.

Wider use of prostaglandin analogues is limited by unwanted side effects and their abortive potential.
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aqueous humour is a thick watery substance that is located in the eye.

Locations

The anterior segment is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens.
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Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of organisms. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, while more complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colors.
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Pfizer, Inc.

Public (NYSE: PFE )
Founded Brooklyn, New York, USA (1849)
Headquarters New York City, New York, USA

Key people Jeff Kindler, CEO
David Shedlarz, VC
Ian Read, Pres. of Pharma.
Martin Mackay, Pres.
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Hyperemia describes the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications, but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation.
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In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. The following describes the iris of vertebrates, not the independently evolved iris found in some cephalopods.
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Heterochromia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 H21.24
ICD-9 364.53

In anatomy, heterochromia refers to a difference in coloration, usually of the irises but also of hair or skin.
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Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, brain, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids.
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pink rim of disc contains nerve fibers. The white cup is a pit with no nerve fibers. As glaucoma advances, the cup enlarges until it occupies most of the disc area. Courtesy AgingEye Times
ICD-10 H 40. -H 42.
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MeSH D015877 Miosis is a medical term for constriction of the pupil. It is the opposite of mydriasis. It is seen in a variety of medical conditions, and can also be caused by certain drugs and chemicals. Eye drops used to intentionally cause miosis are known as "miotics".
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Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic the effects of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and the hormone/neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline). They all raise blood pressure and are all weak bases.
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Apraclonidine (INN), also known as iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an α2-adrenergic agonist.

Apraclonidine is administered at a concentration of 1% for the prevention and treatment of postsurgical intraocular pressure
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Brimonidine (bri-MOE-ni-deen ) is a drug used to treat glaucoma. It acts via decreasing aqueous humor synthesis.

Brimonidine is an alpha 2 receptor agonist.

Alpha 2 agonists, through the activation of the Gi GPCR, inhibit the production of AC.
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Clonidine is a direct-acting adrenergic agonist prescribed historically as an anti-hypertensive agent. It has found new uses, including treatment of some types of neuropathic pain, opioid detoxification, sleep hyperhydrosis, and, off-label, to counter the side effects of stimulant
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Dipivefrine (Dipivefrin in the United States) is a prodrug of adrenaline, which is used to treat glaucoma. It is available as ophthalmic solution (eye drops).


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Epinephrine (INN) (IPA: [ˌɛpɪˈnɛfrən]) or adrenaline (European Pharmacopoeia and BAN) (IPA: [əˈdrɛnələn]
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A parasympathomimetic is a drug or poison that acts by stimulating or mimicking the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). These chemicals are also called cholinergics because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS.
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Aceclidine (INN) (trade names Glaucostat, Glaunorm, Glaudin) is a parasympathomimetic miotic agent used in the treatment of narrow angle glaucoma. It decreases intraocular pressure.
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The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans.
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Carbachol (Kar-ba-kol key), also known as carbamylcholine (marketed under the brand names Carbastat, Carboptic, Isopto Carbachol, Miostat), is classified as a cholinergic. Thus, it acts as an AChR agonist.
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Echothiophate is a parasympathomimetic and organophosphate which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Because of the very slow rate at which echothiophate is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase, its effects can last a week or more.
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Stigmine refers to a class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

Examples include:
  • Distigmine
  • Neostigmine
  • Physostigmine
  • Pyridostigmine
  • Rivastigmine


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Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate) is an oily, colorless or faint yellow liquid with the chemical formula C6H14FO3P. It is used in medicine and as an organophosphate insecticide.
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Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. By interfering with the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It does cross the blood-brain barrier albeit poorly.
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Physostigmine (also known as eserine) is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor obtained from the Calabar bean. By interfering with the metabolism of acetylcholine, physostigmine indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic
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Paraoxon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion.


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