This is a list of the world's
railway operating companies listed alphabetically by continent and country. This list includes companies operating both now and in the past.
Note also that in some countries, the railway operating bodies are not companies, but are government departments or authorities.
Historically in some countries, over a period of time, it has gone from Railway Company, then
Nationalised to Government Railways, then reverted to Railway Company as operators of the railways.
Particularly in Europe, with privatisations in the 1980s and the separation of the track ownership and management from running the trains, there are now many track-only companies and train-only companies.
Railway unions:
- Cameroon National Railways Authority (REGIFERCAM)
- Congo - Ocean Railway (CFCO)
- (Due to civil war the railway system of the Dem Rep of Congo is not presently functioning)
- Djibouti to Addis-Ababa Railway
- Gabon State Railways (OCTRA)
- Bong Mining Co
- Lamgo JV Operating Co
- Mozambique State Railways
- Nigeria Railway Corporation
(There are no railways in
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Niger)
- (Afghanistan has only 24.6 km of railway which are railheads from neighbouring countries)
- Iranian National Railways Company
- Further information: List of railway companies in Japan
- Nepal Government Railway
- Janakpur Railway
- See also: and
Track and Train
Track Only
Train Only
Train Hire
- HSH (Albanian Railways - Hekurudha e Shqipërisë)
- ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways - Österreichische Bundesbahnen)
- BBÖ (Austrian Federal Railway - Bundesbahn Österreich (to 1938))
- StLB (Styrian Provincial Railways - Steiermärkische Landesbahnen)
- MBS (Montafonerbahn Schruns, from Bludenz to Schruns)
- GKB (Graz-Köflacher Eisenbahn)
- NMBS/SNCB (Belgian National Railways - Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen / Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Belges), abbreviated in Dutch/French.
- Dillen & Le Jeune Cargo NV
- ŽFBH (Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Željeznice Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine)
- ŽRS (Railways of Republika Srpska - Željeznice Republike Srpske)
- BDZh (Bulgarian State Railways - Български Държавни Железници, Bâlgarski Dârzhavni Zheleznitsi)
- HŽ (Croatian Railways - Hrvatske željeznice)
- ČD (Czech Railways - České dráhy)
- JHMD (Jindřichohradecké místní dráhy - Jindřichův Hradec Local Railways)
- DSB (Danish State Railways - Danske Statsbaner)
- Arriva Danmark
- GDS/HFHJ (Gribskovbanen / Hillerød-Frederiksværk-Hundested Jernbane)
- HHJ (Odderbanen (Hads-Ning Herreders Jernbane))
- HL (Capital City Local Railways - Hovedstadens Lokalbaner)
- HTJ/OHJ (Høng-Tølløse Jernbane / Odsherreds Jernbane)
- LJ (Lollandsbanen)
- LN (Lille Nord)
- LNJ (Lyngby-Nærum Jernbane)
- NJ (North Jutland Railways - Nordjyske Jernbaner)
- ØSJS (Eastern Railway - Østbanen (Østsjællandske Jernbaneselskab))
- VLTJ (Lemvigbanen (Vemb-Lemvig-Thyborøn Jernbane)). A popular song about the railway by Danish band Tørfisk is simply called VLTJ.
- VNJ (Western Railway - Vestbanen (Varde-Nørre Nebel Jernbane))
- CoalTerminalTrans Coal train operator to Muuga coal terminal (28.05.2006-31.12.2006)
- Edelaraudtee South-West Railway (passenger and freight; 1996-)
- Eesti Vabariigi Raudtee (EVR) Estonian Railways - Eesti Raudtee (privatized 2001, re-nationalized 2006-2007)
- Elektriraudtee Electric Railway (Tallinn suburban passenger railway) (1998-)
- GoRail (EVR Ekspress until 2006) Operator of the Tallinn–Moscow passenger service (1998-)
- Raudteeinspektsioon (formerly Raudteeamet) Estonian Railway Inspectorate (regulator) (1999-)
- Spacecom Freight train operater (2004-)
- Westgate Transport (Transoil) Freight train operator
- VR (VR Ltd -- VR Oy)
- Teollisuuden Raideliikenne Oy
- Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy
*Deutsche Bahn (DB AG - German Railways 1992-)
Passenger railways
- ABELLIO - ABELLIO GmbH
- ABG - Anhaltische Bahn Gesellschaft mbH (?)
- AKN - Altona-Kaltenkirchen-Neumünster Eisenbahn AG
- ALEX - Allgäu-Express
- AVG - Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft mbH
- BBG - Bahnbetriebsgesellschaft Stauden mbH
- BKD - Borkumer Kleinbahn und Dampfschiffahrt GmbH
- BLB - Burgenlandbahn GmbH
- BayOB - Bayerische Oberlandbahn GmbH
- BOB - Bodensee-Oberschwaben-Bahn GmbH
- BSB - Breisgau-S-Bahn-Gesellschaft
- BSEG - Brohltal Schmalspur-Eisenbahn Betriebs-GmbH
- BVO - Busverkehr Ober- und Westerzgebirge Bahn GmbH
- BZB - Bayerische Zugspitzbahn AG
- CBC - City Bahn Chemnitz GmbH &
- Chiemsee-Bahn
- CS - Connex Sachsen GmbH
- DBG - Döllnitzbahn GmbH http://www.doellnitzbahn.de/index1024.html
- Drachenfelsbahn - Bergbahnen im Siebengebirge AG
- EGB - DBAG Erzgebirgsbahn
- EIB - Erfurter Industriebahn GmbH
- Eurobahn - Rhenus Keolis GmbH & Co. KG
- EVB - Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser GmbH
- FEG - Freiberger Eisenbahngesellschaft mbH
- FKE - Frankfurt-Königsteiner Eisenbahn AG
- GVG - Georgs-Verkehrs-GmbH
- HEX - HarzElbeExpress (Connex Sachsen-Anhalt GmbH)
- HLB - Hessische Landesbahn GmbH
- HSB - Harzer Schmalspurbahnen
- HSB - Heidelberger Straßen- und Bergbahn AG
- HTB - Hellertalbahn GmbH
- HzL - Hohenzollerische Landesbahn AG
- IL - Inselbahn Langeoog
- KHB - DBAG Kurhessenbahn
- KML - Kreisbahn Mansfelder Land GmbH
- MBB - Mecklenburgische Bäderbahn Molli GmbH&Co.
- ME - Metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft mbB
- MeBa - Mecklenburg Bahn GmbH
- NB - NordseeBahn
- NBE - Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft mbH
- NEB - Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn
- NEG - NEG Niebüll mbH (former NVAG) (?)
- NOB - Nord-Ostsee-Bahn
- NWB - NordWestBahn
- OBS - DBAG Oberweißbacher Berg- und Schwarzatalbahn
- ODEG - Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH
- OEG - Oberrheinische Eisenbahngesellschaft AG
- OLA - Ostseeland-Verkehr GmbH (former MeBa/OME)
- OPB - Oberpfalzbahn
- OSB - Ortenau-S-Bahn
- PEG - Prignitzer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft
- RBG - Regental Bahnbetriebe GmbH ("Länderbahn")
- RBK - Regionalbahn Kassel GmbH
- Regio-Bahn GmbH
- RHB - Rhein-Haardt-Bahn GmbH
- RNV - Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr GmbH
- RTB - Rurtalbahn GmbH & Co. KG (former DKB)
- RüKB - Rügensche Kleinbahn GmbH & Co.
- Saarbahn GmbH
- S-Bahn Berlin GmbH
- SBB - Schweizerische Bundesbahn GmbH
- SBE - Sächsisch-Böhmische Eisenbahn
- SHB - Schleswig-Holstein-Bahn GmbH
- SHG - S-Bahn Hamburg GmbH
- SOB - DBAG SüdostBayernBahn
- SOEG - Sächsisch-Oberlausitzer Eisenbahngesellschaft mbH
- SSB - Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG
- STB - Süd-Thüringen Bahn
- STE - Strausberger Eisenbahn GmbH
- SWEG - Südwestdeutsche Verkehrs AG
- TDR - Trans regio Deutsche Regionalbahn GmbH
- TE - Trossinger Eisenbahn
- UBB - Usedomer Bäderbahn
- VBG - Vogtlandbahn GmbH
- VBK - Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe GmbH
- vectus - Vectus Verkehrsgesellschaft
- VIAS - VIAS GmbH (Odenwald-Bahn)
- WB - WestfalenBahn
- WEBA - Westerwaldbahn GmbH
- WEG - Württembergische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft
- Wendelsteinbahn GmbH
- WFB - DBAG WestFrankenBahn
- ??? - Zahnradbahn, Stuttgart
Historic state railways
- OSE (Greek Railways Organization - Οργανισμός Σιδηροδρόμων Ελλάδας, Organismós Sidirodrómon Elládas)
- SPAP (Peloponnese-Athens-Piraeus Railway)
- MÁV (Hungarian State Railways - Magyar Államvasutak)
- MMV (Hungarian Private Railways Limited - Magyar Magánvasút Zrt.)
- Floyd (Floyd Kft - Hungarian private rail undertaking)
- GySEV/ROeEE (Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurth Railway - Győr-Sopron-Ebenfurti Vasút / Raab-Oedenburg-Ebenfurter Eisenbahn - Hungaro-Austrian regional railway company)
- MÁV Hajdú Vasútépítő Kft (MÁV Hajdú Vasútépítő Kft - Hungarian private rail undertaking)
- Apart from a short line used in the construction of Reykjavik harbour in the early 20th century, there have never been any railways in Iceland.
- LDz (Latvian Railway - Latvijas dzelzceļš)
- Pasažieru Vilciens (Passenger Train)
- LG (Lithuanian Railways - Lietuvos geležinkeliai)
- CFL (Luxembourg Railways - Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois)
- MZ (Macedonian Railways - Makedonski Zeleznici)
- CFM (Moldovan Railway - Calea Ferată din Moldova)
- Koleje Mazowieckie — (Rail Mazovia)
- PKP (Polish State Railways — Polskie Koleje Państwowe SA)
- SKM (Szybka Kolej Miejska — S-Bahn type service in Poland's Tricity region)
- PCC Rail Jaworzno Arriva Polska — Consortium of PCC Rail SA and Arriva Polska won auction of passenger rail service on diesel lines in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship for 3 years (from december 2007)
- CP (Portuguese Railways - Caminhos de ferro portugueses)
- Fertagus, SA (Portuguese Private Railway Operator)
- CFR (National Railway Company - Compania Naţională de Căi Ferate "CFR")
- GFR (Grup Feroviar Roman - Romanian Railway Group)
- Unifertrans
- Servtrans
- RZhD (Russian Railways - Российские железные дороги, Rossiskiye Zheleznye Dorogi)
- ŽS (Serbian Railways - Železnice Srbije)
- Beovoz Belgrade Underground railway
- ZSR (Zeleznice Slovenskej Republiky)
- ZSSK (Zeleznicná Spolocnost Slovensko, a.s.)
- ZSCS (Zeleznicná Spolocnost Cargo Slovakia, a.s.)
- BRKS (Bratislavská Regionálna Kolajová Spolocnost)
- LTE (Logistik und Transport Slovakia)
- SŽ (Slovenian Railways - Slovenske železnice)
See also: Swiss railroads,
List of railway companies in Switzerland
- AB (Appenzeller Bahnen, )
- AL (Aigle-Leysin Bahn (see TPC))
- AOMC (Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champéry (see TPC))
- ASD (Aigle-Sépey-Diablerets (see TPC))
- ASm (Aare Seeland mobil)
- BAM (Chemin de fer Bière-Apples-Morges )
- BC (Blonay-Chamby)
- BD (Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn)
- BLM (Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen-Mürren)
- BLS (Bern - Lötschberg - Simplon bahn)
- BLT (Baselland Transport, )
- BOB (Berner Oberland Bahnen)
- BRB (Brienz Rothorn Bahn)
- BT (Bodensee Toggenburg Bahn)
- BVB (Bex-Villars-Bretaye) (see TPC)
- BVZ (Brig - Visp - Zermatt bahn) (see MGB)
- CEV (Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans)
- CJ (Chemins de fer du Jura )
- DFB (Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke)
- EBT (Emmental-Burgdorf-Thun Bahn )
- FART (Ferrovie autolinee regionali ticinesi)
- FLP (Ferrovia Lugano-Ponte Tresa)
- FO (Furka-Oberalp-Bahn) (see MGB)
- FW (Frauenfeld-Wil-Bahn )
- GFM (Chemins der fer Fribourgeios (Gruyére-Friburg-Morat))
- GGB (Gornergrat-Monte Rosa-Bahnen)
- JB (Jungfraubahn)
- LSE (Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn)
- MGN (Montreux-Glion-Rochers de Naye)
- MC (Martigny-Châtelard )
- MGB (Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn (merger between FO and BVZ)
- MIB (Meiringen-Innertkirchen Bahn)
- MOB (Chemin de fer Montreux-Oberland Bernois)
- MThB (Mittelthurgau-Bahn)
- MVR (Transports Montreux-Vevey-Riviera (MVR), (merger of MGN and CEV))
- NStCM (Chemin de fer Nyon-St-Cergue-Morez )
- PB (Pilatusbahn)
- RB (Rigi-Bahnen)
- RBS (Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn, )
- RhB (Rhätische Bahn / Viafier retica)
- RHB (Rorschach-Heiden-Bahn)
- RM (Regionalverkehr Mittelland AG )
- SBB-CFF-FFS (Swiss Federal Railways - Schweizerische Bundesbahnen - Chemins de fer fédéraux - Ferrovie federali svizzere)
- SOB (Schweizerische Südostbahn AG )
- SPB (Schynige Platte Bahn)
- SVB (Städtische Verkehrsbetriebe Bern, )
- SZU (Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn, )
- TB (Trogenerbahn, )
- TPC (Transports Publics du Chablais (merger of AL, AOMC, ASD and VB)
- VBZ (Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich)
- VRB (Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn (see Rigi-Bahnen))
- WAB (Wengernalpbahn)
- WB (Waldenburgerbahn, )
- Zb Zentralbahn (2005 merger of the Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn and SBB Bruenigbahn)
- UZ (Ukrainian Railway - Укрзалізниця, Ukrzaliznytsya)
- Further information: List of Canadian railways
- Further information: List of Mexican railroads List of defunct Mexican railroads
- Further information: List of United States railroads List of defunct United States railroads
- Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA) (Argentine Railways - privatized in 1993 and broken up into several enterprises):
- Freight operators:
- Railroad Development Corporation or América Latina Logística - (ALL) [1] Operates the former San Martín (ALL Central 1676 mm) and Urquiza (ALL Mesopotámica Standard gauge) divisions of FA.
- Belgrano Cargas - (BC) Operates the former Belgrano division of the FA.
- Ferrosur Roca - (FR) [2] Operates most of the former Roca division of FA.
- Nuevo Central Argentino - (NCA) [3] Operates former Mitre division of FA.
- Ramal Ferro Industrial Rio Turbio - (RFIRT) Operates the Rio Turbio-Rio Gallegos narrow gauge coal line.
-
- Ferrovías - [4] Operates over former Belgrano Norte FA line.
- Línea General Roca - Operates the Roca and Belgrano Sur suburban services formerly served by Metropolitano.
- Metrovias - [5] Operates over former Urquiza line and also operates the Buenos Aires metro and tramway.
- Tren de la Costa - [6] Operates interurban modern tramways between Bartolome Mitre TBA station and Tigre over a former railway line closed in 1961. It was regauged to standard and reopened in 1995.
- Trenes de Buenos Aires - (TBA) [7] Operates over former Sarmiento and Mitre lines.
- Unidad de Gestion Operativa de los Ferrocarriles Estatales - (UGOFE) Operates over the former San Martín line. The Enterprise was created to took over the line after Metropolitano was withdrawn from it's operation.
-
- América Latina Logística - (ALL) [8] Operates passenger services between Basavilbaso and Concordia in Entre Rios province.
- Ferrobaires - (FB) [9] Operates passenger services in Buenos Aires province.
- Ferrocentral - Operates passenger services Buenos Aires-Rosario-Cordoba, Buenos Aires-Rosario-Tucumán and Cordoba-Villa Maria.
- Servicios Ferroviarios del Chaco - (SEFECHA) Operates Resistencia suburban services and regional trains in El Chaco province.
- Trenes de Buenos Aires - (TBA) [10] Operates passenger services between Buenos Aires, Rosario and Santa Fé.
- Trenes Especiales Argentinos - (TEA) [11] Operates passenger services Buenos Aires-Concordia-Monte Caseros-Posadas.
- Tren Patagónico - (TP) [12] Operates passenger services in Rio Negro province.
- *Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles (ENFER) (Bolivia National Railways, 1996 split and partly privatized)
- Empresa Ferroviaria Andina (FCA) (Western railway network)
- Ferroviaria Oriental S.A. (FO) (Eastern railway network, 50% owned by Genesee & Wyoming) [13]
- *Rede Ferroviária Federal SA (RFFSA) (Brazilian Federal Railways, (Privatized in 1998 and broken up in several enterprises):
- América Latina Logística SA (ALL)
- MRS Logística (MRS)
- Ferrovia Centro Atlântica (FCA) (Controlled by Vale do Rio Doce)
- Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste (CFN)
- Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) (the state owned company responsible for the commuter trains in the state of São Paulo)
- Supervia(It is the privately owned company responsible for the commuter trains in the state of Rio de Janeiro)
- Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (CBTU) (the state owned company responsible for the commuter trains in several states)
- Ferronorte (controlled by Brasil Ferrovias holding)
- Novoeste (controlled by Brasil Ferrovias holding)
- Ferroban (controlled by Brasil Ferrovias holding)
Those lines were ever privately owned:
- *Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Colombia (National Railways of Colombia)
- *National Atlantic Railroad
- Pacific Electric Railroad
- *Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba (Cuban National Railways)
- *Empresa de Nacional Ferrocarriles del Estado (Ecuador State Railways)
- *Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras
- Vaccaro Railway
- Tela Railroad
Here are some pictures and information on Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras
[14]
- * (There are no longer any railways in Nicaragua)
- Ferrocarril del Pacifico de Nicaragua (Pacific Railway of Nicaragua)
see some pictures on
[15]
- *Ferrocarril Presidente Carlos Antonio Lopez (President Carlos Antonio Lopez Railway)
- *Ferrocarriles Nacionales del Salvador (FENADESAL) (National Railways of El Salvador)
- *Surinam Government Railway
See also
External links
Rail transport is the transport of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run along railways or railroads. Rail transport is part of the logistics chain, which facilitates the international trading and economic growth in most countries.
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Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act by which a nation takes possession of assets without requiring the owner's consent, with or without payment of compensation. Nationalization without compensation is a case of expropriation.
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Rail transport by country.
Other indexes available include:
- Transportation by country
- List of railway companies by country
- List of countries by rail transport network size
- Rail usage statistics by country
- List of locomotive builders by country
..... Click the link for more information. Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30,221,532 km² (11,668,545 sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.
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The Benguela railway is operated by the Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (CFB) that connects the Atlantic port of Lobito, Angola, to the eastern bordertown of Luau and to the rail networks of south-eastern DR Congo, of Zambia and beyond.
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Botswana Railways (BR) is the national railway of Botswana. BR was created in 1987 when the government of Botswana bought out the Botswana-based sections of the National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ).
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Mozambique Ports and Railways or Portos E Caminhos De Ferro De Mocambique (CFM) is the parastatal authority that oversees the railway system of Mozambique and its connected ports. The rail system is composed of a total of 2,983 km rail of the 1.
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Malawi Railways was the government organisation that ran the rail network in Malawi until privatisation in 1999.
In May 1999 the Central East African Railways consortium led by Railroad Development Corporation won the right to operate the rail system with effect from
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TransNamib is the railway parastatal of Namibia. Organised as a holding company, it provides freight by rail and road as well as passenger services. Its administration is located in Windhoek.
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The TAZARA Railway (also called the Uhuru Railway, from the Swahili word for Freedom, and the Tanzam Railway) was built between 1970 and 1975 by the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority
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This article lacks historical information.
Please [ add it] if you can.
For more information, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Historical information.
Please remove this message once the article has been expanded.
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The National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) is the parastatal railway of Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe railway system was largely constructed during the time of British colonial rule, and part of it represents a segment of the Cape-Cairo railway.
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The Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) is a state-owned enterprise that runs a railway net that once was part of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) operating in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika.
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The Beitbridge Bulawayo Railway (BBR) is a privately owned railway company that provides a rail link in Zimbabwe between Beitbridge at the border to South Africa and Zimbabwe's second city Bulawayo.
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Metrorail is the commuter rail service in the major urban areas of South Africa. Metrorail is a business unit of Transnet, the parastatal responsible for the South African transport infrastructure.
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TRANSNET FREIGHT RAIL
Founded
Headquarters Johannesburg
Key people Mr Siyabonga Gama, CEO
Mr Peter Fearnhead, Chief Operations Officer, Mr. Nick Thomson, Chief Financial Officer, Mr Percival Mosweu, General Manager - Technical Department
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Motto
من الشعب و للشعب (Arabic)
"From the people and for the people"
Anthem
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Motto
"Virtus Unita Fortior" (Latin)
"Unity Provides Strength"
Anthem
Angola Avante! (Portuguese)
Forward Angola!
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Motto
"Fraternité, Justice, Travail" (French)
"Fellowship, Justice, Labour"
Anthem
L'Aube Nouvelle (French)
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Motto"Pula""Rain"
AnthemFatshe leno la ronaBlessed Be This Noble LandCapital(and largest city) Gaborone
..... Click the link for more information. Botswana Railways (BR) is the national railway of Botswana. BR was created in 1987 when the government of Botswana bought out the Botswana-based sections of the National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ).
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Motto
"Unité, Progrès, Justice" (French)
"Unity, Progress, Justice"
Anthem
Une Seule Nuit (French)
One Single Night
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Motto
"Unity, Discipline and Labour" (translation)
Anthem
L'Abidjanaise
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Motto
"Paix - Travail - Patrie" (French)
"Peace - Work - Fatherland"
Anthem
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Motto
"Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French)
"Unity, Work, Progress"
Anthem
La Congolaise
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Motto
Justice – Paix – Travail (French)
"Justice – Peace – Work"
Anthem
Debout Congolais
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civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power.
Some civil wars are categorized as revolutions when major societal restructuring is a possible outcome of the conflict.
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Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyahArab Republic of Egypt
Flag Coat of arms
AnthemBilady, Bilady, Bilady..... Click the link for more information. Egyptian National Railways (ENR) is the national railway of Egypt and managed by the parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority (ERA).
History
Already in 1833 Pasha Mohammad Ali consulted with Thomas Gallway about building a railway between Suez and Cairo
..... Click the link for more information. Ethiopia (IPA: /i.θi.oʊ.pi.ə/) ( ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially the
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