Information about Machine tooling

A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by machining, which is the selective removal of metal. The term machine tool is usually reserved for tools that used a power source other than human movement, but they can be powered by people if appropriately set up. Many historians of technology consider that the true machine tools were born when direct human involvement was removed from the shaping or stamping process of the different kinds of tools. For instance, they consider that lathe machine tools were invented around 1751 by Jacques de Vaucanson because he was the first to mount the cutting instrument on a mechanically adjustable head, taking it out of the hands of the operator.

Overview

Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power are options, as is energy captured through the use of waterwheels. However, machine tools really began to develop after the development of the steam engine, leading to the Industrial Revolution. Today, most are powered by electricity.

Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used flywheels to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the NC, or numerical control, machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on paper tape or punch cards to control their motion. In the 1960s, computers were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as CNC, or computerized numerical control, machines. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.

Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a drill machine might contain a magazine with a variety of drill bits for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as machine centers, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.

From the simplest to the most complex, most machine tools are capable of at least partial self-replication since they are machines, and produce machine parts as their primary function.

Examples

Examples of machine tools are:

When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:

EDM (electrical discharge machining)
Grinding
Multiple edge cutting tools
Single edge cutting tools

Other techniques are used to add desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective addition of material are called rapid prototyping machines.

Several regions of the United States became centers for machine tool development, including Cincinnati, Ohio, Rockford, Illinois and Springfield, Vermont.

A collection of machinery showing photographs of the main types of metal working machinery is online at www.museumofmaking.org

External links

National Institute for Metalworking Skills Standards download page
U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook
American Precision Museum—A museum that preserves historically important machine tools and helps to educate on the history of machine tools

Metalworking:
:	Electrical discharge machining \| Electro chemical machining \| Endmill \| Engraving \| Hobbing machine \| Lathe \| Machine tool \| Machining \| Milling cutter \| Milling machine \| Planer \| Pantograph \| Shaper

Metalworking topics:	Casting \| CNC \| Cutting tools \| Drilling and threading \| Fabrication \| Finishing \| Grinding \| Jewellery \| Lathe (tool) \| Machining \| Machine tooling \| Measuring \| Metalworking \| Hand tools \| Metallurgy \| Milling \| Occupations \| Press tools \| Smithing \| Terminology \| Welding

Machining is an occupation or hobby or a class of material-working processes that involves using a power-driven machine tool, such as a lathe, milling machine or drill, to shape metal. Machining is a part of the manufacture of almost all metal products.
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lathe (pronounced IPA: /ˈleɪğ/) is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece
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Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709–November 21, 1782) was a French engineer and inventor who is credited with creating the world's first true robots, as well as for creating the first completely automated loom.
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water wheel is a hydropower system; a machine for extracting power from the flow of water. Water wheels and hydropower was widely used in the Middle Ages, powering most industry in Europe, along with the windmill.
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steam engine is an external combustion heat engine that makes use of the heat energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work.

Steam engines were used as the prime mover in pumping stations, locomotives, steam ships, traction engines, steam lorries and other
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Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout the world, a process that
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Electricity (from New Latin ēlectricus, "amberlike") is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. This includes many well-known physical phenomena such as lightning, electromagnetic fields and electric currents,
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flywheel is a rotating disk used as a storage device for kinetic energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is exerted on it by its power source such as a piston-based (reciprocating) engine, or
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Numerical control or numerically controlled (NC) machine tools are machines that are automatically operated by commands that are received by their processing units.
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Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data. It was widely used during much of the twentieth century for teleprinter communication, and later as a storage medium for
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punch card or punched card (or punchcard or Hollerith card or IBM card), is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
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Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century

1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s
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Their 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code instructions and drives a machine tool, a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate components by the selective removal of material.
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drill is a tool with a rotating drill bit used for drilling holes in various materials. Drills are commonly used in woodworking and metalworking.

The drill bit is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill, and is pressed against the target material and rotated.
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Long series drills are extended length twist drills. They are not the best tool for drilling deep holes, as they require frequent withdrawal to clear the flutes of swarf and prevent drill breakages. Gun drills are the preferred drills for deep hole drilling.
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Self-replication is any process by which a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction.
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A broach is a series of progressively taller chisel points mounted on a single piece of steel, typically used to enlarge a circular hole into a larger noncircular shape such as a square or other desired shape.
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A hobbing machine is a special form of milling machine that cuts gears. It is the major industrial process for cutting (as opposed to grinding) spur gears of involute form.
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A hone is a machine tool used in the manufacture of precision bores to improve the geometry, surface finish and dimensional control of the finished part. This process is called honing.
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A milling machine is a machine tool used for the complex shaping of metal and other solid materials. Its basic form is that of a rotating cutter or endmill which rotates about the spindle axis (similar to a drill), and a movable table to which the workpiece is affixed.
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shaper is a machine tool used for shaping or surfacing metal and other materials.

Introduction

Shapers have been largely superseded by milling machines or grinding machines in modern industrial practice.
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A planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that is analogous to a shaper, but larger, and with the entire workpiece moving beneath the cutter, instead of the cutter moving above a stationary workpiece.
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