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Maratha

Castes of India
Marathas
ClassificationKshatriya
Subdivisionsninety-six clans
Significant populations inMaharashtra, Goa, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
LanguagesMarathi
ReligionsHinduism


The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा, also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

The "Marathas" were known by that name since their native tongue was almost invariably Marathi, however, not all those whose native tongue is Marathi are Marathas. Historically "Maratha" was a common term used for people of Maharashtra region and speak marathi.[1] In present time, the term "Maratha" refers only to those marathi-speaking people who also belong to certain specific Hindu castes: for one available listing, refer to Maratha clan system. Thus, the terms "Marathi people" and "Maratha people" are not interchangeable and should not be confused for each other.

Etymology

The etymology of the words "Marātha" and "Marāthi" is uncertain. It may be a derivative of the Prakrit word Mahratta found in Jain Maharashtri literature, itself from Sanskrit Maharāṣṭra "great realm" (from maha "great" and rāṣṭra "nation, dominion, district"). One theory holds that a reference to a clan known as Rāṣṭrika in some of Ashoka's inscriptions alludes to a people of the Deccan who were progenitors of the Marathi-speaking people; that the later "Mahārāṣṭri Prakrit" is associated with these people

Other theories link the words Marātha and Rāṣṭri with Ratta, supposedly a corruption of Rāshtrakuta, the name of a dynasty that held sway over the Deccan from the 8th to 10th centuries.

All theories however affirm, as do linguists, that the modern Marathi language has developed from the Prakrit known as Mahārāshtri.

Enlarge picture
Shivaji and his faithful Maratha comrades

Maratha clans

Main article: Maratha clan system


According to some sources, every maratha must belong to one of 96 different clans (the "96 Kuli Marathas"). The list of 96 Maratha clans is different as per different historians. An authoritative listing was apparently first attempted in 1888 and a list finalised in 1956 by the Government of India.

Population

The Marathas originated as a social class of Marathi speakers (Indo-Aryans). They number some 40 million, about half the number of native Marathi speakers.

Historical prominence

Enlarge picture
The extent of the Maratha Confederacy c.1760 AD, roughly corresponding to its peak (denoted by the yellow region)
Main article: Maratha Empire


Different Maratha (also called as Rastriks or Maha-rathis or Mahrattas) rulers during Medieval period (before 12th century) include Satavahana, Rashtrakuta, Yadhav-Jadhavs. They re-united into historical prominence under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji in the 17th century. Shivaji Maharaj, born into the Bhosale clan of Marathas, secured an independent state by dint of lifelong struggle and thereby founded an empire, the remnants of which lasted until the independence of India in 1947. The state thus founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji attained its zenith under the tutelage of the Peshwas in the 18th century, extending from the Indus in present-day Pakistan to Orissa in the east and from the Punjab to central Karnataka in the south. The kingdom of Thanjavur in present-day Tamil Nadu was also ruled by a Maratha dynasty, albeit outside the ambit of the main Maratha Empire. At its peak, the Maratha Empire established a protectorate over the mughal emperor and paramountcy over the numerous Rajput chieftains of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Central India and elsewhere. They had also managed to bring Punjab under their sway and end Muslim rule there and keeping the field open for the Sikhs. This vast empire declined gradually after the third battle of Panipat (1761); by 1818, all of present-day India had fallen to the British East India Company.

The history of the states and dynasties comprising the Maratha Empire constitutes a major portion of the history of late medieval India. While that extensive history is detailed elsewhere, it is noteworthy that the rise of the Marathas:

Maratha states

Since the Marathas ruled much of India in the period immediately preceding the consolidation of British rule in India, the Maratha states came to form the largest bloc of princely states in the British Raj, if size be reckoned by territory and population. Prominent Maratha states included:
Enlarge picture
Ruins of the Raigad Fort which served as a capital of Maratha Empire in the 17th century

Prominent Maratha dynasties

Bilingual Marathas

The empire also resulted in the voluntary relocation of substantial numbers of Maratha and other Marathi-speaking people outside Maharashtra, and across a big part of India. Thus, there are today several small but significant communities descended from these emigrants living in the north, south and west of India. These communities tend often to speak the languages of those areas, although many do also speak Marathi in addition. Gujarati, Hindi, Konkani, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil are some of the other languages thus spoken

Notable Marathas

Historical

Political

Science

Writers

Artists

Vijay Kadam, Sivaji Satam, Vikas Kadam, Mahesh Kothare,

Wrestlers

Armed forces

Army

Air force

Sports

References

  1. Haplogroups of the Marathi people
  2. Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India by Sonali Gaikwad and VK Kashyap
  3. Influence of language and ancestry on genetic structure of contiguous populations by Sanghamitra Sahoo and VK Kashyap
  4. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists by Sengupta et al.
Sachin Tendulkar Cricket

See also

External links

The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian Subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous, hereditary groups often termed as jātis or castes.
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Coordinates:

Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र
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Coordinates: Goa pronunciation   (help info ) (Konkani: गोंय goṃya; Marathi:
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Gujarat (Gujarati: ગુજરાત
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Coordinates:

Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) pronunciation   (help info )
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Marathi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script, Modi script (traditional) 
Official status
Official language of: States of Maharashtra and Goa , Union territories of Daman-Diu<ref name="goa" /> and Dadra Nagar Haveli<ref name="dadra"
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Hinduism (known as Hindū Dharma in modern Indian languages[1]
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Marathi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script, Modi script (traditional) 
Official status
Official language of: States of Maharashtra and Goa , Union territories of Daman-Diu<ref name="goa" /> and Dadra Nagar Haveli<ref name="dadra"
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Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages.
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Hindu ( pronunciation   (help info ) , Devanagari: हिन्दु), as per modern definition, is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, and the
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warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. In tribal societies engaging in endemic warfare, warriors often form a caste or class of their own. In feudalism, the vassals essentially form a military or warrior class, even if in actual warfare, peasants may be called to fight
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peasant, derived from 15th century French païsant meaning one from the pays, the countryside or region, which itself derives from the Latin pagus
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Coordinates:

Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र
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Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of countries lying substantially on the Indian tectonic plate. These include countries on the continental crust— India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan, island countries
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Marathi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script, Modi script (traditional) 
Official status
Official language of: States of Maharashtra and Goa , Union territories of Daman-Diu<ref name="goa" /> and Dadra Nagar Haveli<ref name="dadra"
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Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social restriction and social stratification, enforced by law or common practice, based on endogamy, , economic status, race and ethnicity.
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"The Marāthās" is a collective term referring to a group of Hindu, Marathi language speaking castes of warriors and peasants, hailing mostly from the Indian state of Maharashtra.
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Marathi people or Maharashtrians (Marathi: मराठी माणसं or महाराष्ट्रीय) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, that inhabit the Maharashtra region and
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Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति)
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MaHa is the acronym of the comedy duo of Madan Krishna Shrestha and Hari Bansha Acharya of Nepal in Devanagari script. The duo represents the pinnacle of comedy in Nepal. Their style is focussed on creating awareness through laughter.
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Raj may refer to: Rāj
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Ashoka the Great
Mauryan emperor

Modern reconstruction of Ashoka's portrait.
Reign 273 BC-232 BC
Full name Ashoka Maurya
Predecessor Bindusara
Emperor Mahindra
Successor Dasaratha Maurya
Consort
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Deccan Plateau (Marathi: डेक्कन) , also known as "The Great Countrie", is a vast elevated tableland area with widely varying terrain features making up the majority of southern India located between three ranges and extending over eight states.
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Marathi}}} 
Writing system: Devanagari script, Modi script (traditional) 
Official status
Official language of: States of Maharashtra and Goa , Union territories of Daman-Diu<ref name="goa" /> and Dadra Nagar Haveli<ref name="dadra"
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The Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ) was a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts
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Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति)
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Maharashtri (Marathi: महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत), is a language of ancient and medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of
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"The Marāthās" is a collective term referring to a group of Hindu, Marathi language speaking castes of warriors and peasants, hailing mostly from the Indian state of Maharashtra.
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